Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrH9020a Transferred from Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng on Wheat Chromosome 6D

Stripe rust （yellow rust）, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. H9020-1-6-8-3 is a translocation line originally developed from interspeciifc hybridization between wheat line 7182 and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng and is resistant to most Pst races in China. To identify the resistance gene（s） in the translocation line, H9020-1-6-8-3 was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169, and seedlings of the parents, F1, F2, F3, and BC1 generations were tested with prevalent Chinese Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that there is a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as YrH9020a, conferring resistance to CYR32. The resistance gene was mapped by the F2 population from Mingxian 169/H9020-1-6-8-3. It was linked to six microsatellite markers, including Xbarc196, Xbarc202, Xbarc96, Xgpw4372, Xbarc21, and Xgdm141, lfanked by Xbarc96 and Xbarc202 with at 4.5 and 8.3 cM, respectively. Based on the chromosomal locations of these markers and the test of Chinese Spring （CS） nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines, the gene was assigned to chromosome 6D. According to the origin and the chromosomal location, YrH9020a might be a new resistance gene to stripe rust. The lfanking markers linked to YrH9020a could be useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.     

复水对水分胁迫条件下糜子生长的补偿效应

为明确复水对糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的影响,建立糜子抗旱节水栽培技术体系,以榆糜2号为试验材料,采用盆栽控水方式,研究复水对水分胁迫条件下糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特征的动态变化。结果表明,随胁迫程度的加剧和胁迫时间的延长,糜子功能叶片自下而上依次衰老,其叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量持续上升。复水后,中度水分胁迫拔节期复水效果最佳,糜子顶三叶叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性分别比对照高出7.65%、4.20%、5.30和3.52%,表现出超补偿效应;开花期复水产生了等量补偿效应;重度水分胁迫条件下,拔节期复水对糜子叶片SOD、POD产生了部分补偿效应,对叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量产生了等量补偿效应;开花期复水后各指标的补偿效果不明显。相关分析表明,糜子产量与生育后期各功能叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性呈极显著正相关,与POD活性呈显著正相关,MDA含量与产量呈现显著负相关。拔节期复水对中度水分胁迫下糜子生长的补偿效应最佳。     

烟草青枯病拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性初探

【目的】从不同烟区健康烟草的根际土壤样品中筛选对烟草青枯病具有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,为防治烟草青枯病提供生防资源。【方法】随机从福建龙岩、四川德昌、陕西汉中等地健康烟草根际土壤中采集30份土壤样品,采用平板稀释法从中分离芽孢杆菌,以烟草青枯病菌为靶标菌筛选拮抗芽孢杆菌,并通过培养特性、菌体形态、生理生化特征分析及16SrDNA序列分析,对筛选的拮抗芽孢杆菌菌株进行鉴定;采用温室盆栽试验,测定拮抗芽孢杆菌的促生作用、定殖能力和抑菌活性。【结果】从健康烟草根际土壤中分离得到1株抗烟草青枯病菌活性较好的菌株LW-4,经鉴定其为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。LW-4菌悬液对烟草青枯病菌的防治效果为70.37%,其可定殖于烟草根际土壤,具有良好的定殖能力。LW-4对烟草有明显的促生作用;用饱和度为25%的硫酸铵获得的LW-4抑菌物质对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性较高,抑菌圈直径达37.82mm。【结论】菌株LW-4在烟草青枯病防治中具有潜在的利用价值。     

Development of the infection strategy of the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen,Colletotrichum orbiculare,and plant immunity

The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare forms appressoria as infection structures and primarily establishes biotrophic infection in cucumber epidermal cells. Subsequently, it develops necrotrophic infection. In the pre-invasion stage, morphogenesis of appressoria of C. orbiculare is triggered by signals from the plant surface. We found that C. orbiculare PAG1 (Perish-in-the-Absence-of-GYP1), a component of MOR [morphogenesis-related NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) kinase network] plays an essential role as a key component of the plant-specific signaling pathway and that hydrolysis of cutin by a spore surface esterase creates a cutin monomer that constitutes a key plant-derived signal. Development of the infection structure of C. orbiculare is strictly regulated by the cell cycle and we found that proper regulation of G1/S progression via two-component GAP genes, consisting of BUB2 (Budding-Uninhibited-by-Benomyl-2) and BFA1 (Byr-Four-Alike-1) is essential for the establishment of successful infection. In the post-invasion stage, the establishment of the biotrophic phase of hemibiotrophic fungi is crucial for successful infection. We found that C. orbiculare WHI2 (WHIsky-2), an Saccharomyces cerevisiae stress regulator homolog, is involved in the phase transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy through TOR (Target of Rapamycin) signaling, and is thus essential for full pathogenesis.     

油菜素内酯提高蔬菜作物抗逆性的研究进展

油菜素内酯化合物(Brassinosteroids,BRs)是国际上公认的一类高效、广谱、无毒的新型植物甾醇类生长激素。近年来研究发现,BRs的使用可显著提高植物对生物和非生物逆境的抗性,从而促进植物生长发育,大幅度提高作物产量。本文综述了BRs的类型、应用方式以及在提高蔬菜抵抗干旱、低氧、温度、盐离子、病害、重金属等环境胁迫方面的研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M97抗条锈基因的遗传分析和分子作图

为了明确M97抗条锈性遗传规律,在苗期用7个小麦条锈菌系对M97与感病品种铭贤169的杂交后代F1、F2、F3和BC1代进行抗条锈性遗传分析,并对M97抗Sun11-4的抗条锈基因进行SSR分子标记。M97对Sun11-4和Sun11-11的抗病性均由1对显性基因控制,对CY29、CY30、CY33的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因共同控制,对CY31的抗病性由2对显性基因独立或重叠作用控制。以接种Sun11-4的F2代分离群体构建作图群体,筛选到Xwmc222、Xwmc147、Xbarc229和Xwmc339等4个与抗病基因连锁的SSR标记,其遗传距离分别为3.4、4.8、7.6和12.1 cM。将该抗病基因定位于小麦1DS染色体,且该基因不同于已知的抗条锈基因,暂命名为YrM97。用YrM97两侧遗传距离最近的2个标记Xwmc222和Xwmc147对42个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种进行分子检测,仅有9.5%的品种具有与YrM97相同的标记位点。     

不同氮肥处理对荞麦干物质积累、农艺性状及产量的影响

为探索陕甘宁黄土高原地区栽培荞麦高产最适施氮量,以甜荞品种——西农9976为试验材料,设置4个氮肥水平,2016年施肥水平为:0 (N0)、45 (N45)、135 (N135)和225kg/hm2(N225);2017年施肥水平为:0(N0)、90(N90)、180(N180)和270kg/hm2(N270),比较不同施氮量下荞麦产量和主要农艺性状,分析叶绿素含量和各器官干物质积累的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,不同氮肥处理均能提高荞麦的株高、一级分枝数、二级分枝数、单株花簇数、千粒重和单株粒数,使其产量显著上升;荞麦主茎叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD)随施氮量增加先上升后降低;荞麦各器官干物质积累量与施氮量呈正相关,但在苗期和初花期,荞麦各器官干物质积累量随施氮量增加呈抛物线。因此,生产上建议陕甘宁黄土高原地区荞麦生长过程中投入180kg/hm2的氮肥,且注重施氮比例及时期,以此达到最佳的生产效益。