新疆棉田灰漠土氨氧化微生物群落对灌溉水盐度和施氮量的响应

采用灌溉水盐度和施氮量两因素试验,其中灌溉水盐度设置2个水平：0.35 dS·m^-1（淡水,FW）和8.04 dS·m^-1（咸水,SW）,施氮量设2个水平：0（不施氮,N0）和360 kg·hm^-2（施氮,N360）,以咸水滴灌的棉田土壤为材料,测定了土壤理化性质和生物学指标,结果显示：（1）咸水滴灌显著增加土壤EC_1∶5和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了457.74%和73.02%,但显著降低土壤NO^-₃-N含量,降低了35.88%;施氮显著增加土壤EC_1∶5、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了32.09%、668.33%和39.88%。（2）咸水滴灌显著降低了土壤潜在硝化势,较淡水处理降低了28.97%;施氮显著增加了土壤潜在硝化势,较不施氮处理增加了317.27%。（3）咸水滴灌显著降低氨氧化细菌(AOB)和全程氨氧化细菌A分支（amoA-clade-A）和B分支（amoA-clade-B）的基因拷贝数,分别降低了81.27%、73.49%和62.51%,但显著增加氨氧化古菌(AOA)的基因拷贝数,增加了487.94%;氮肥施用均显著增加了氨氧化微生物的基因拷贝数,分别增加了511.20%(AOA)、958.13%(AOB)、72.66%(amoA-clade-A)和31.18%(amoA-clade-B)。（4）氨氧化微生物优势菌属为假单胞菌属、嗜甲基菌属、亚硝化螺菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属、硝化螺菌属、寡养单胞菌属、食甲基菌属、螯台球菌属、囊胞杆菌属、亚硝基单胞菌属、红假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属和拉姆利式杆菌。（5）咸水滴灌降低了AOA的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的多样性,但增加了AOB和amoA-clade-B的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度;氮肥施用显著降低了AOA和AOB的丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度和多样性,但增加了amoA-clade-B的丰富度和多样性。综上,盐分是影响氨氧化微生物群落结构的主要驱动因子,氨氧化古菌是土壤氨氧化作用的优势物种,而氨氧化细菌和全程氨氧化细菌A分支是咸水滴灌棉田氨氧化作用的主导微生物种群。     

新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件

随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现>55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。     

Unequal salt distribution in the root zone increases growth and yield of cotton

Soil salinity is often heterogeneous, yet plant response to unequal salt distribution (USD) in the root zone is seldom studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of USD on growth and yield, as well as its potential application for increasing cotton production. To achieve this objective, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, potted cotton plants were grown in a split-root system in the greenhouse. Each root half was irrigated with either the same or two concentrations of NaCl. Plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll (Chl), photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), Na⁺ and K⁺ accumulation, as well as biological and economic yields were determined. In the second experiment, plants were grown in furrow-beds in saline fields with those grown on flat beds as controls. Root-zone salinity, yield and yield components and earliness (the percentage of the first two harvests to total harvests) were monitored. When the entire root system was exposed to the same concentration of NaCl, shoot dry weight, leaf area, plant biomass, leaf Chl, Pn and Tr were markedly reduced relative to the NaCl-free control at 2 weeks after salinity stress (WAS). Significant reductions in biological (23.6–73.8%) and economic yields (38.1–79.7%) were noticed at harvest. However, when only half of the root system was exposed to low-salinity, the inhibition effect of salinity on growth and yield was significantly reduced. Plant biomass and seed cotton yield were increased by 13 and 23.9% with 50/150 mM/mM NaCl, 40 and 44.5% with 100/300 mM/mM NaCl, and 85.7 and 127.8% with 100/500 mM/mM NaCl relative to their respective equal salt distribution (ESD) controls (100/100, 200/200, and 300/300). Unequal salt distribution also decreased concentrations of Na⁺ and increased leaf K⁺ and Chl content, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, Pn and Tr, compared with ESD. Furrow-bed seeding induced unequal distribution of salts in the surface soil during the field experiment. Under furrow planting, soil salinity was much higher, but soil osmotic potential was much lower on the ridged part than the furrows. Yield and earliness were increased 20.8 and 5.1% by furrow seeding relative to flat seeding. These enhancements were mainly attributed to unequal distribution of salts in the root zone. Thus, specific cultural practices that induce unequal salt distribution such as furrow-bed seeding can be used to improve cotton production in saline fields.     

新疆南部棉区黄萎病菌种群致病性分化及变异

 采用鉴别寄主法和特异性引物PCR检测技术对采自新疆南部（南疆）棉区的36个棉花黄萎病菌菌系进行检测,以期明确其病原种群致病性分化及变异情况。鉴别寄主法测定结果显示：供试菌系中致病性强、中、弱的菌系分别为27个、4个和5个,各占75.0%,11.1%和13.9%。特异性引物（ND1/ND2和D1/D2）PCR检测结果显示,供试36个菌系中落叶型菌系12个,占33.3%;非落叶型菌系24个,占66.7%。经统计,落叶型菌系的致病力明显高于非落叶型菌系,其平均病指分别为43.8和31.8。接种试验证明,无论落叶型菌系和非落叶型菌系,接种后都可产生落叶症状,但落叶的情况有明显差别,落叶症状的轻重不仅与菌系的致病类型有关,还与棉花品种的抗病性密切相关。     

Effect of Spatial Soil Moisture Stress on Cotton Root Architecture

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spatial soil moisture stress on cotton root growth, and to analyze the corresponding changes in cotton root architecture. [Method] To produce soil moisture spatial stress, cotton spacing was set at 30 cm. The cotton was all irrigated on one side of the pole (the side sampling point). By excavating the cotton root, analysis of the main root bifurcation, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, could be undertaken. [Result] The analyses of the cotton A (the nearest plant to the irrigation location) root system showed that soil moisture near the irrigation point was distributed uniformly. The root system architecture of the cotton cultivated near the irrigation point mostly presented a symmetrical "umbrella" pattern; the difference in root diameter between the main and lateral roots was 5–6 mm, and the average angle between them was 70°–80°, which decreased with the increase in cotton growth stage. Soil moisture spatial stress influenced the cotton plant C, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, such that the root system architecture was asymmetrical. The roots of cotton plant C grew towards the high soil moisture zone; 48.15% of the lateral roots became thicker, which acted as a bifurcated main root. The difference in diameter between the bifurcated roots was 1–4 mm, and the average angle of the bifurcated roots along the vertical direction was between 20°–37°, which increased with the increase in cotton growth stage. [Conclusion] The results provide important information on the physiological responses of the cotton root system to the soil moisture environment.     

不同氮水平处理下滴灌棉花ABA与10cm土层田间持水率之间的响应特征

为了揭示滴灌棉花节水节肥效果,为滴灌棉花节水节肥提供技术参数和理论依据,以‘新陆早42号’为试验材料,采用滴灌盆栽试验,研究滴灌棉花ABA与土层10 cm田间持水率之间的响应关系,获得蕾期和花铃期不同施N水平条件下其相关性及模型。研究结果表明:棉花蕾期不同处理纯N分别为2、4、6 g/盆的条件下,ABA含量与土层10 cm田间持水率之间呈负相关关系,相关性系数分别为-0.988、-0.894、-0.980,其模型分别为指数函数、对数函数和对数函数,模型拟合决定系数分别为0.954、0.796、0.946。花铃期,ABA含量与土层10 cm田间持水率之间呈负相关关系,相关性系数分别为-0.781、-0.600、-0.857,其模型分别为二次函数、二次函数和对数函数,模型拟合决定系数分别为0.623、0.911、0.965。本文研究的拟合模型函数有利地描述了滴灌棉花ABA与土层10 cm的田间持水率之间响应特性,可为内陆干旱区绿洲农业滴灌棉花的节水节肥的估算提供了新的计算方法和科学依据。     

油莎豆对自然盐碱胁迫的生长及生理响应

探究油莎豆在不同浓度自然盐碱胁迫下的生长及生理响应,揭示油莎豆在盐碱胁迫的耐盐碱机制与能力。本试验以‘中油莎1号’品种为供试材料,通过采集自然盐碱土和农田土,分别按0%、25%、50%、75%、100%的盐碱土比例进行胁迫,观测油莎豆的生长发育、渗透调节物质、丙二醛及保护酶活性等生理代谢指标。结果表明：随着盐碱胁迫强度的增大,油莎豆叶绿素合成受阻,其株高、分蘖数、结豆数、总粒重及生物量均显著下降;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,且在75%盐碱土比例下均显著上升;SOD活性呈先上升,在50%盐碱土处理下达到最大后下降。油莎豆在自然盐碱胁迫下生长受到抑制,出苗和分蘖期均显著延后,随盐碱胁迫程度的升高细胞膜脂过氧化逐渐加重,而油莎豆可通过提高体内SOD活性来缓解盐害,同时盐碱胁迫下油莎豆可通过调节脯氨酸与可溶性糖的积累,从而增强植株从环境中的保水能力,以提高植株对盐碱胁迫的适应能力。     

甜高粱生物燃料相关特性研究进展

旨在为中国甜高粱生物燃料的快速生产、深入研究与发展提供借鉴与参考。笔者总结了近几年甜高粱生物燃料相关特性的研究状况;综述了根、叶、茎、株高、分蘖、花,QTL等的分子研究水平,收获后贮藏及生物转化效率的研究进展等;最后提出几点研究建议:针对不同生境确定适宜的、特异的选育目标,培养极具优势的品系或材料;注重主要性状间QTL尤其是胁迫下的关联性、相关性、协同性的研究;加强产业循环链中关键和薄弱环节的研发,使其可用价值和效益达最大化。     

Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

新疆滴灌棉花花铃期干旱复水对叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下, 采用膜下滴灌植棉技术, 控制花铃期0~60 cm土壤滴水下限分别为田间持水量的45%(中度干旱)、60%(轻度干旱)和75%(正常供水, 对照), 滴水上限均为田间持水量, 研究不同程度干旱复水对棉花叶片光合特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明, 干旱降低了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s), 中度干旱下叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产量(Ф_PSⅡ)降低, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高。复水后3 d内P_n和G_s恢复, 以轻度干旱恢复最快; Ф_PSⅡ和qP与Pn的变化相似; NPQ复水后1~2 d显著降低。从初花期至盛铃前期, 轻度干旱复水后光合物质累积量与对照无明显差异, 盛铃后期至吐絮期低于对照, 籽棉产量较低; 中度干旱复水后光合物质累积量及籽棉产量均最低。