甘肃河西绿洲灌区农作物生育期降雨量的模拟分析系统

提出了利用平滑方法对降雨量的观测数据进行改造,可消除数据随机误差产生的影响,从而进一步提高模拟结果的精度。并建立甘肃河西绿洲灌区农作物生育期降雨量的模拟分析系统,以加快研究工作的进程。     

不同促生菌株组合对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

利用前期从苜蓿和小麦根际分离的3株溶磷菌(Bacillus sp.,Pseudomonas sp.和Azotobacter sp.)和1株根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的不同组合研制苜蓿根际专用菌肥,并进行田间随机区组试验,测定其对苜蓿产量和品质的影响。结果表明,单一菌株制作的菌肥处理替代半量磷肥处理后,苜蓿的干草产量和品质较CK(全量磷肥)有所下降,但差异不显著;菌株组合制作的菌肥处理替代半量磷肥处理后,苜蓿的干草产量、粗蛋白(CP)、Ca、P和粗脂肪(EE)含量分别较CK提高10.6%,16.4%,14.1%,11.9%和4.2%,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量分别下降10.9%和7.7%。单一菌株的效果不及菌株组合,经分析比较后推荐S7和Jm170+Jm92+Lx191+S7与半量磷肥配施可代替全量磷肥。     

燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例对生物量的影响研究

为了研究燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播模式的增产效应。在农业部兰州黄土高原生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站对一年生牧草燕麦和箭筈豌豆进行了混播试验。结果表明：丹麦444燕麦50%和333/A春箭筈豌豆50%的混播处理,地上生物量、种子产量及0~50 cm的地上生物量均最高,分别为22193.33 kg/hm2、4776.67 kg/hm2和11792.90 kg/hm2,且与其他混播处理的差异显著(P<0.05)。该混播模式具有较好的协同效应,可在黄土高原及类似地区推广应用。     

兰州百合与亚洲百合及其杂种F_1的蛋白质和同工酶分析

[目的]为选配亲本组合及杂种早期鉴定提供理论依据。[方法]采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对兰州百合与亚洲百合及杂交后代的可溶性蛋白质和过氧化物酶进行分析。[结果]以兰州百合为亲本的杂交后代的蛋白质谱中不仅出现了与亲本同源但比亲本染色加深的带,且出现了亲本中不存在的新带。杂种F1过氧化物酶谱主要表现为亲本的不完全互补型和杂种型。[结论]蛋白质谱和过氧化物酶谱可作为百合杂种鉴定的生化指标及进行目标性状植株的检测。     

沙打旺黄矮根腐病在我国北方5省区的分布与危害

对5省(区)沙打旺主产区进行了病害调查,除辽宁建平之外,沙打旺黄矮根腐病在甘肃环县、宁夏盐池、陕西横山、内蒙松山和敖汉均有发生,发病率为5.7％～82.6％,病情指数为2.7~53.7。各级严重度的植株在病株中的比例因调查地点而异。与健康植株比较,病株枝条数增加16.7％～63.7％,但单株干重下降8.5％～32.9％。各地的植株密度、牧草产量、平均枝条数和单株干重均存在一定差异,其中在发病率最高的甘肃环县,植株密度、牧草产量分别与发病率和严重度均呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。对影响发病率的因素进行了分析讨论,提出了防治该病的建议。     

Studies on the Purification and Characterization of Soybean Esterase, and Its Sensitivity to Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides

Soybean esterase, a cholinesterase-like enzyme, was purified by differential centrifugation firstly, then, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and finally, DEAE-cellulose-32 ion-exchange chromatography after extracting it from soybean seeds with phosphate buffer （0.3 mol L^-1, pH 7.0）. The extract recovery rate of the purified enzyme was 8.18% and purification fold was 91.58. The soybean esterase appeared as two bands on the denaturing SDS-PAGE with molecular weights of 24 and 37.2 kDa, respectively, which proved that it is a dimer protein consisting of two subunits. The result of nondenaturing PAGE revealed that the soybean esterase is a single band with cholinesterase-like activity using α- naphthyl acetate as the substrate and fast blue B salt as coloring agent. The esterase showed very high sensitivity to 18 kinds of organophosphate pesticides and 6 kinds of carbamate pesticides with the lowest detective limits of 0.03125- 0.0625 and 0.03125-0.25 mg kg^-1, respectively, and can meet the demands of MRL specified by the most countries.     

How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

Plastic film mulching is an effective practice to improve water harvest and crop productivity in semiarid areas. The grain yield of maize (Zea mayis) as affected by various mulching practices was studied in the field in 2006 and 2007 to determine a mulching pattern that would increase rainwater harvest and crop yield. In 2006, three treatments were used: (1) flat plot without mulch (CK); (2) two ridges and furrows mulched by one plastic film and maize planted in the furrow between the two ridges (DRM); (3) two rows of maize planted in a ridged bed mulched with plastic (RM). Two additional treatments were tested in 2007: (4) two rows of maize mulched with a 70-cm wide plastic film and then 30 cm of bare soil alternated (NM); (5) maize planted without ridges in double rows 80 cm apart and the whole plot mulched with plastic film (WM). Maize yield was highest in the DRM treatment: 1150 kg ha⁻¹ in 2006 and 6130 kg ha⁻¹ in 2007. This was associated with better topsoil moisture in the planting zone and higher soil temperature in the DRM treatment compared with the other treatments. The soil moisture in DRM reached 10.5% and 22.6%, in 2006 and 2007, respectively, the highest of all the treatments. The mean temperature in DRM was higher than in CK and RM by 1.2 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively in 2006, while in 2007, it was higher than that in CK by 3.1 °C, in RM by 0.6 °C, in NM by1.7 °C and in WM by 0.6 °C in 2007. The higher temperatures in the DRM treatments resulted in the maize maturing earlier than in the other mulched treatments, 15 days earlier than in RM in 2006 and 11 days, 3 days, and 14 days earlier than in RM, WM, and NM, respectively in 2007. The highest water-use efficiency (WUE) was found in DRM in both years. In 2006, the WUE in DRM was six times greater than that in CK and 9.96% greater than in RM. In 2007, the WUE for grain in the DRM treatment was 16.6 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, 11 times greater than that in CK and greater than RM, NM and WM by 67.7%, 26.7% and 9.2%, respectively. It is concluded that the double ridges and furrow mulching treatment could serve as a model for maize production for small-holder farmers in semiarid regions.     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄耗水及果实品质的影响

不同程度的土壤干旱对酿酒葡萄的果实品质、产量和水分利用效率具有显著影响。明晰不同生育阶段干旱胁迫效应对酿酒葡萄土壤水分精准化管理和节水灌溉方案的制定具有重要的意义。本文于2014年在河西走廊中东部武威市凉州区清源镇威龙葡萄园产区开展了酿酒葡萄不同生育期、不同干旱胁迫程度的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)的情况下,在葡萄的萌芽期、抽蔓期、开花期、浆果膨大期和着色成熟期分别进行中度(土壤水分阈值60%~65%)和重度(土壤水分阈值50%~55%)的干旱处理,同时增设浆果膨大期的充分灌溉(土壤水分阈值80%~85%)处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)作为对照,进行葡萄耗水特征和产量品质的测定。试验结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量垂直变化趋势一致,随土壤深度增加土壤含水量呈持续递增趋势;随着土壤深度递增,调亏灌溉对土壤含水量的影响越来越弱;40~60 cm土壤剖面,调亏处理含水量较对照减少幅度最大;浆果膨大期土壤剖面内含水量均低于其他生育期。不同处理酿酒葡萄耗水强度随时间变化趋势一致,萌芽期日耗水强度最小,为0.13~0.33 mm·d-1,而浆果膨大期耗水强度最大,为2.30~4.09 mm·d-1。萌芽期中度胁迫处理酿酒葡萄产量和水分利用效率最高,分别达到15 228 kg·hm-2和3.62 kg·m-3;浆果膨大期充分灌溉处理次之,而浆果膨大期重度胁迫处理最低,仅分别为7 128 kg·hm-2和2.26 kg·m-3。着色成熟期中度胁迫下,酿酒葡萄花青苷、还原糖、单宁、总酚含量比生育期正常供水处理高2.7%、6.56%、17.91%和23.23%,且有效抑制可滴定酸积累(P0.05),而其他处理与对照之间品质指标差异不显著。综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及果实品质等指标,最佳酿酒葡萄水分调控处理为着色成熟期中度胁迫,即着色成熟期土壤相对含水率为60%~65%、其余生育期土壤相对含水率为70%~75%。由此可见,在酿酒葡萄栽培时适时、适度的调亏灌溉既能显著提高水分生产效率,实现节水、高效用水的目的,又能提高果实品质,对河西走廊地区酿酒葡萄种植具有重要的意义。     

西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响

为了探明玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北半干旱区马铃薯田土壤水分及产量的影响,设置地膜覆盖(M1)、秸秆带状平覆(M2)、垄沟覆杆(M3)和传统不覆盖(CK)4个处理,通过2年田间试验,对比分析了不同覆盖方式对生长指标、土层含水率、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:3种覆盖方式较CK显著增产11.68%~21.74%,提高水分利用效率22.82%~48.63%。覆盖种植较CK单株产量提高26.02%~48.37%,株高增加3.18%~12.82%,单株生物量增加0.59%~26.49%,全生育期作物耗水量降低55.29~66.21mm,以秸秆带状平覆(M2)最好或较好。全生育期0—200cm土层平均含水率平水年黑膜大垄(M1)较CK低0.89个百分点,偏旱年较CK高1.30个百分点;秸秆带状平覆(M2)无论平水年还是偏旱年分别较M1及CK高0.20~0.89及0~1.50个百分点。其中以秸秆带状平覆(M2)在作物生长、增产及水分利用效率等方面效果较好,适宜西北半干旱地区推广。     

基于GIS和组合赋权法的石羊河流域生态环境质量评价

以石羊河流域为研究区,以2000-2012年的GIS数据和统计年鉴数据为基础,结合流域生态环境现状和影响因素构建综合评价指标,并在GIS技术的支持下,运用层次分析法和熵权法的组合赋权实现对研究区生态环境质量的综合评价.结果表明:石羊河流域生态环境质量较低,整体呈逐年下降趋势,生态环境综合评价指数从2000年的5.05下降到2012年的3.70;在流域内部生态环境综合评价指数差异很大,具体表现为金昌市金川区呈上升趋势,而其他地区有不同程度的下降.从空间分布来看,石羊河各县区按指数高低依次为:永昌县、肃南裕固族自治县、凉州区、古浪县、天祝藏族自治县、民勤县和金川区.在不同时期,各县区生态环境综合评价指数等级有所变化,但幅度不大.