Comparison of transpiration between different aged black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)trees on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)is widely planted throughout the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.The spatial distribution of this species at different ages is highly heterogeneous due to restoration and management practices.In this study,we aimed to compare the transpiration levels between different aged black locusts at the tree and stand scales,clarifying the physiological status of this species with different ages.Black locust trees with two representative age classes(12 and 28 years)were selected in the Yangjuangou catchment on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.Sap flux density(F_d)and environmental variables(solar radiation,air temperature,relative humidity and soil water content)were simultaneously monitored throughout the growing season of 2014.Tree transpiration(E_t)was the product of Fd and sapwood area(A_S),and stand transpiration(E_c)was calculated basing on the stand sap flux density(J_s)and stand total sapwood area(A_(ST)).Stomatal conductance(g_s)was measured in a controlled environment and hydraulic conductance was estimated using the relationship between transpiration rate and vapor pressure deficit(VPD).Our results showed that Et and Ec were higher in the 28-year-old stand than in the 12-year-old stand.The gs and hydraulic conductance of 28-year-old trees were also higher than those of 12-year-old trees,and the two parameters were thus the causes of variations in transpiration between different age classes.After rainfall,mean Fd increased by 9% in 28-year-old trees and by 5% in 12-year-old trees.This study thus suggests that stand age should be considered for estimating transpiration at the catchment and region scales in this area.These results provide ecophysiological evidences that the older black locust trees had more active physiological status than the younger ones in this area.These findings also provide basic information for the management of water resources and forests on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.     

黑河中游荒漠植物生长与降水、土壤水和地下水的关系

[目的]分析荒漠化防治中植物生长与降水、土壤水和地下水的关系,为荒漠区植被修复与保护提供科学依据。[方法]在黑河中游荒漠区建立荒漠化综合防治试验站进行长期定位监测,取得降水、土壤水、地下水、植物盖度、生物量等数据,采用特征参数算法、相关分析法和逐步多元回归方法,对植物生长和水分的年内、年际变化特征及相关回归模型进行分析。[结果](1)2006—2014年,土壤质量含水率、生物量、盖度变化接近且最大,降水量次之,地下水埋深最小;生物量、盖度呈波动性增大趋势较明显,降水、土壤水、地下水位变化呈波动性略有降低趋势,但不明显。(2)在植物生长季的3—11月期间,土壤各层含水率变化步调基本一致,植物平均生物量和盖度变化步调基本一致,降水量和地下水埋深变化步调基本一致。(3)建立了盖度与0—20cm土壤质量含水率、生物量与0—20cm土壤质量含水率回归方程,且均通过了R拟合检验,F方差检验,t回归系数检验,通过模型预测盖度、生物量的变差分别为99.0%和91.4%,预测盖度和生物量变化的准确率分别可达86.5%,78.9%。[结论]黑河中游荒漠植被的生长与环境水分变化关系十分密切,可通过水资源管理修复植被,也可根据植被生长状况评估水资源管理工作。     

热带测雨卫星数据在黑河流域的精度及应用

[目的]验证热带测雨卫星数据TRMM(tropical rainfall measuring mission)3B43降水产品在黑河流域内的精度及可用性,了解全流域降水的空间分布,为西北干旱区流域开展水文和生态研究提供数据支持。[方法]基于黑河流域1998—2013年TRMM 3B43V7数据和11个气象站点数据,使用相关系数、均方根误差、平均误差、平均绝对误差等主要指标评估其在流域内精度,揭示各指标空间分布特征。[结果](1)TRMM数据与实测数据有极强的统计相关性和趋势一致性,但存在不同程度高估现象,月平均高估2.84mm,季、年尺度高估值分别达到8.55和34.1mm;(2)相关系数、均方根误差,从上游到下游依次降低,平均误差在3尺度上上游值均远低于中下游,平均绝对误差在年尺度上游最低,下游次之,中游最高,而在季节尺度上中游相差不大,下游最小,月尺度从上游到下游平均绝对误差值逐渐递减。[结论]TRMM数据显示黑河流域多年平均降雨量呈西南部向中、北部递减的分布格局,且降水量具有上游中游下游的梯度分布,降水年内分配不均,主要集中在5—9月。     

山西省不同生态区NDVI时空变化及其影响因素

利用MODIS-NDVI数据研究了2000—2012年山西省生长季平均NDVI的时空变化特征,并分析了气候变化和人类活动对生长季平均NDVI变化的影响。结果表明:（1）13 a来山西省山地落叶阔叶林生态区、农业与草原生态区、汾河谷地农业生态区生长季平均NDVI均呈显著增加趋势,增长率分别为0.052/10 a,0.079/10 a,0.049/10 a。（2）山西省植被变化存在明显的空间差异,改善区占全省面积的73.76%,主要分布在太行山、太岳山、吕梁山、中条山等地区;而退化区占全省面积的3.29%,主要分布在太原盆地及临汾盆地的边缘地区。（3）NDVI变化是气候变化和人类活动共同影响的结果。不同生态区NDVI对气候变化的响应不同。其中,前一年11月至5月降水增多可能是山地落叶阔叶林生态区NDVI增加的主要原因,前一年12月至1月气温降低和2—5月降水增多可能是农业与草原生态区NDVI增加的主要原因,5—9月气温降低和前一年11月至8月降水增多可能是汾河谷地农业生态区NDVI增加的主要原因。而人类活动对NDVI变化的影响主要表现在退耕还林、防护林建设、采矿、城市扩张等方面。     

Carbon fixation and influencing factors of biological soil crusts in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,northern China

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are an important type of land cover in arid desert landscapes and play an important role in the carbon source-sink exchange within a desert system. In this study, two typical BSCs, moss crusts and algae crusts, were selected from a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert in northern China, and the experiment was carried out over a 3-year period from January 2010 to November 2012. We obtained the effec- tive active wetting time to maintain the physiological activity of BSCs basing on continuous field measurements and previous laboratory studies on BSCs photosynthesis and respiration rates. And then we developed a BSCs carbon fixation model that is driven by soil moisture. The results indicated that moss crusts and algae crusts had significant effects on soil moisture and temperature dynamics by decreasing rainfall infiltration. The mean carbon fixation rates of moss and algae crusts were 0.21 and 0.13 g C/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual carbon fixations of moss crusts and algae crusts were 64.9 and 38.6 g C/（m2.a）, respectively, and the carbon fixation of non-rainfall water reached 11.6 g C/（m2.a） （30.2% of the total） and 8.8 g C/（m2.a） （43.6% of the total）, respectively. Finally, the model was tested and verified with continuous field observations. The data of the modeled and measured CO2 fluxes matched notably well. In desert regions, the carbon fixation is higher with high-frequency rainfall even the total amount of seasonal rainfall was the same.     

Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages

Soil water repellency(WR) is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages: extremely degradeddegradedstabilizedwell developednewly developedquick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils(crest and slope of dune) was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics, e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and Na+) and two anions(Cl-and SO4 2-) enhanced soil WR, while CO3 2-decreased it. HCO3-did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model(GLM) between soil-air-water contact angle(CA) and influencing factors(CA=5.606 sand+6.496(clay and silt)–2.353 pH+470.089 CO3 2-+11.346 Na+–407.707 Cl-–14.245 SO4 2-+0.734 total N–519.521). It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR(0°CA90°). The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.     

Estimation of the quantity of aeolian saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert,China

The Ulanbuh Desert borders the upper reach of the Yellow River.Every year,a mass of aeolian sand is blown into the Yellow River by the prevailing wind and the coarse aeolian sand results in serious silting in the Yellow River.To estimate the quantity of aeolian sediments from the Ulanbuh Desert blown into the Yellow River,we simulated the saltation processes of aeolian sediments in the Ulanbuh Desert.Then we used a saltation submodel of the IWEMS(Integrated Wind-Erosion Modeling System)and its accompanying RS(Remote Sensing)and GIS(Geographic Information System)modules to estimate the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert.We calibrated the saltation submodel by the synchronous observation to wind velocity and saltation sediments on several points with different vegetation cover.The vegetation cover,frontal area of vegetation,roughness length,and threshold friction velocity in various regions of the Ulanbuh Desert were obtained using NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)data,measured sand-particle sizes,and empirical relationships among vegetation cover,sand-particle diameters,and wind velocity.Using these variables along with the observed wind velocities and saltation sediments for the observed points,the saltation model was validated.The model results were shown to be satisfactory(RMSE less than 0.05 and|Re|less than 17%).In this study,a subdaily wind-velocity program,WINDGEN,was developed using this model to simulate hourly wind velocities around the Ulanbuh Desert.By incorporating simulated hourly wind-velocity and wind-direction data,the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River was calculated with the saltation submodel.The annual quantity of aeolian sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert was 5.56×106t from 2001 to 2010,most of which occurred in spring(from March to May);for example,6.54×105tons of aeolian sand were blown into the Yellow River on 25 April,2010.However,in summer and winter,the saltation process occasionally occurred.This research has supplied some references to prevent blown sand hazards and silting in the Yellow River.     

1990-2011年天山东部冰川退缩对气候的响应

近年来全球气候变暖,我国山地冰川发生剧烈变化。针对天山东部地区冰川变化对天山山脉乃至我国西部地区冰川变化具有明显指示作用,利用1990年、2001年和2011年三个时段Landsat TM、ETM+遥感影像数据,运用比值阈值法结合目视解译分别提取了博格达山脉、巴里坤山脉和哈尔里克山脉的冰川边界,并在GIS技术支持下分析了该区冰川变化情况。研究表明:天山东部地区冰川面积整体退缩幅度较大,近21 a间冰川总体退缩了26.80%,其中博格达山脉、巴里坤山脉、哈尔里克山脉分别退缩33.58%,25.67%,16.08%。该地区冰川主要分布在西北、北和东北三个坡向,但东坡的冰川退缩速率最大为30.68%,研究区冰川面积主要分布在海拔为3 600~4 600 m处,而在3 300~3 400 m处的冰川退缩最快。研究认为气温上升、降水量小幅度上升甚至下降是引起天山东部地区冰川退缩的主要原因。此外,地形条件也是影响冰川退缩的重要因素。     

岗日嘎布地区冰川变化特征研究

以Landsat影像为数据源,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译方法,提取中国西部对气候变化最为敏感的西藏东南部海洋型冰川区（岗日嘎布地区）2005年,2013年冰川边界,分析了冰川变化特征及冰川变化与气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:2005—2013年冰川面积减少72.28 km²,占2005年冰川面积的15.75%;冰川分布的下限海拔高度升高61 m。结合气象资料分析认为,降水量是冰川发育规模的主要影响因素,而温度是冰川发育数量的主要影响因素,升温是研究区近年来冰川加速退缩的主要原因。由此预测未来冰川消融速率会进一步加快。     

高校图书馆参与公共文化服务体系的工作思考

作为公共文化服务体系中的组成部分,高校图书馆开展公共文化服务是时代的要求。高校图书馆在为高校师生服务的过程中,要转变观念,确立公共文化服务的理念,自觉地融入公共文化服务系统,主动承担起为整个社会提供服务的责任,为实现社会公众民主、平等、公正地接触和获取文献信息资源贡献力量。