甘肃省土地集约利用与经济耦合协调发展评价研究

以2005-2010年6 a间土地集约利用与经济发展水平为依据,通过协调发展度模型对甘肃省12个地级市土地集约利用与经济协调发展水平进行定量分析.结果表明:甘肃省12个地级市土地集约利用与经济协调发展水平总体较低,涉及3个协调发展类型,分别是濒临失调衰退类、中度失调衰退类、严重失调衰退类;从协调发展亚类看,既包括经济发展滞后型,也包括土地集约利用滞后型;从单个地区看,土地集约利用与经济发展水平仍有提高的潜力,协调发展度仍有提高的空间;从协调度、发展度与协调发展度关系看,要提高协调发展度,需重点提高发展度.     

不同原料基质栽培平菇的生物学

以木屑、棉籽壳、玉米芯及麦草为基质材料,采用单纯形格子试验设计方法,通过分析不同基质对平菇菌丝生长速度、生物学效率和投入产出比的影响,优化平菇栽培配方。结果表明,4种原料对菌丝生长速度、生物学效率和投入产出比的影响非简单的线性关系,棉籽壳和玉米芯互作与平菇生物学效率和投入产出比具显著正效应。获得优化的栽培基质配方为棉籽壳53%、玉米芯34%、麸皮10%、石灰2%及石膏1%。验证试验结果表明,优化配方的增产效果显著,较目前普遍应用的纯棉籽壳配方平均增产25.14%。     

晚霜冻变化对甘肃平凉苹果冻害的影响研究

利用陇东平凉7个气象观测站1971—2010年历年逐日地面最低温度、春季气温、≥10℃活动积温资料及1987—2013年在平凉崆峒区所设苹果观测点物候观测资料,分析了陇东平凉“金果”春季物候期对春季气温和晚霜冻的响应特征。结果表明：研究区晚霜冻结束日和晚霜冻天数存在有明显的地域差异,静宁、庄浪、华亭晚霜冻结束最晚,晚霜冻天数最多,其次是崆峒、泾川、灵台,结束最早的是崇信,晚霜冻天数也最少;晚霜冻结束日期提前的气候趋势明显,40a来提前了13.4d,特别是90年代后期开始,晚霜冻结束日期显著提前,个别年份晚霜冻结束日期呈现阶段性推迟的特征;在全球气候变暖的背景下,陇东平凉自1971年以来,春季平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温均呈现出明显的线性上升趋势,气温稳定通过≥10 ℃的积温增加,受此影响,苹果叶芽开放、展叶、开花等成熟前的发育期提前10～13 d,花芽的提早开放增加了苹果树春季开花受冻的危险,特别是个别年份晚霜冻日期明显推迟及过程持续日数的增加造成对苹果冻害影响的加重。     

兰州市近10年的土地利用动态变化研究

以兰州市为研究对象,采用2000年、2005年和2010年的土地成果资料,系统分析了全市近10 a的土地利用动态变化。选取土地动态度、土地利用程度、土地利用结构多样性、优势度和均匀度5个指标,定量评价兰州市土地变化的方向和速度及土地利用空间格局的演变。结果表明:2000—2010年兰州市土地利用结构发生了显著的变化,农用地减少,建设用地和未利用地增加;从土地利用速度及土地利用程度来看,全市土地利用仍处于调整期;土地景观格局模型表明兰州市土地多样性指数和均匀度减少,土地优势度指数呈逐渐增加趋势,土地空间格局的变化与经济发展、种植结构密切相关,人类活动是导致其变化的根本原因。     

NaCl渐进胁迫对啤酒大麦幼苗生长、离子分配和光合特性的影响

砂培条件下,对啤酒大麦幼苗在等量NaCl 梯度(每周以17.1 mmol/L NaCl递增)渐进胁迫下生长和生理的响应进行研究。结果表明,随着盐浓度的递增,啤酒大麦地上生物量、株高显著低于对照组,而根系生物量和根冠比高于对照组,低盐分、短时间盐胁迫能刺激根系生长。盐分胁迫至高浓度(≥85.5 mmol/L NaCl)时,随着胁迫时间的持续,大麦幼苗生长受到抑制,地上含水量明显下降;短时间内适应低浓度盐胁迫后,一定程度上提高了啤酒大麦的净光合速率(P_n),而高浓度盐分能显著抑制大麦的净光合速率,气孔导度(G_s),胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾作用(T_r);高浓度、长时间盐分渐进胁迫下,影响大麦光合特性的主要是非气孔因素。大麦地上部Na⁺和Cl^-含量随介质中NaCl浓度的递增和胁迫时间的延续呈逐渐上升趋势,而根系中Na⁺含量呈下降趋势,Cl^-含量则呈逐渐上升的趋势。处理组大麦地上部K⁺/Na⁺明显低于对照,且随着盐浓度的递增而减小,说明在盐分胁迫过程中,地上部分优先积累 Na⁺。选择性吸收和运输K⁺是啤酒大麦适应渐进盐胁迫的生理生态机制。     

连作条件下间作模式对当归生长特性和产量的影响

为缓解当归连作障碍问题,在甘肃省岷县连作2年当归田,设置当归与油菜、蚕豆、大蒜、小麦和燕麦5种植物间作种植试验,以当归单作为对照,测定不同时期当归生长发育状况及产量,探讨利用作物间作缓解当归连作障碍的可行性。结果表明,在各生育时期,当归/大蒜的当归株高最高。在当归苗期和根膨大期,当归/大蒜的当归地上部干物质重比单作当归分别高31.51%和21.28%;在当归苗期、根膨大期和收获期,当归/大蒜的当归地下部干物质重比单作当归分别高25.00%,36.65%和54.75%。在苗期、根膨大期和收获期,当归/大蒜的当归根茎粗分别比单作当归提高12.26%,4.80%和24.38%。当归/燕麦对各生育期当归地上和地下部干物质具有明显抑制作用,并且其抑制作用最强。油菜、蚕豆、大蒜、小麦、燕麦与当归间作的麻口病发病率分别比当归单作降低46.05%,43.31%,25.24%,2.34%和12.82%。当归/大蒜的一等归出成率和二等归出成率比当归单作分别提高118.62%和27.82%。当归/大蒜的当归产量(1 946.53 kg/hm²)比当归/油菜、当归/蚕豆、当归/小麦、当归/燕麦和当归单作分别提高67.29%,143.31%,207.57%,683.06%和34.71%。不同间作模式对当归出苗率和抽薹率产生影响,但影响不显著。当归/大蒜能提高当归产量和优等归出成率,并能适当减少当归麻口病,因此当归/大蒜对减缓当归连作障碍有一定作用。     

祁连山高山草地毒杂草侵入对蝗虫相对多度的影响

为研究祁连山高山草地毒杂草侵入对蝗虫群落组成、相对多度以及群落数量的影响,2008-2009年6-9月在野外调查基础上,对毒杂草(狼毒、甘肃臭草和披针叶黄华)侵入型草地和天然草地植被群落、土壤理化特性以及蝗虫多样性及群落数量进行调查分析。结果表明,毒杂草侵入显著降低草地物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数(P<0.05),植被群落高度和生物量明显增加(P<0.05);甘肃臭草侵入型草地土壤有机质和含水量最高,狼毒侵入型草地土壤紧实度和天然草地全N含量显著大于其他样地(P<0.05);毒杂草侵入影响蝗虫群落组成、降低物种多样性、改变物种相对多度。但蝗虫群落数量因杂草种类呈现较大差异,蝗虫群落数量因甘肃臭草侵入而降低、随狼毒和披针叶黄华侵入而增加。高山草地毒杂草侵入通过改变植被结构和营养价值、影响蝗虫土壤理化特性和栖息生境,而草地蝗虫群落组成、数量和多样性对此做出积极响应。该研究不仅为研究高山草地毒杂草型退化对昆虫以及无脊椎动物的影响提供参考,而且也为高山草地生物多样性维持和保育提供有益依据。     

Estimation of water balance in the source region of the Yellow River based on GRACE satellite data

Water storage has important significance for understanding water cycles of global and local domains and for monitoring climate and environmental changes.As a key variable in hydrology,water storage change represents the sum of precipitation,evaporation,surface runoff,soil water and groundwater exchanges.Water storage change data during the period of 2003-2008 for the source region of the Yellow River were collected from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite data.The monthly actual evaporation was estimated according to the water balance equation.The simulated actual evaporation was significantly consistent and correlative with not only the observed pan(20 cm)data,but also the simulated results of the version 2 of Simple Biosphere model.The average annual evaporation of the Tangnaihai Basin was 506.4 mm,where evaporation in spring,summer,autumn and winter was 130.9 mm,275.2 mm,74.3 mm and 26.1 mm,and accounted for 25.8%,54.3%,14.7% and 5.2% of the average annual evaporation,respectively.The precipitation increased slightly and the actual evaporation showed an obvious decrease.The water storage change of the source region of the Yellow River displayed an increase of 0.51 mm per month from 2003 to 2008,which indicated that the storage capacity has significantly increased,probably caused by the degradation of permafrost and the increase of the thickness of active layers.The decline of actual evaporation and the increase of water storage capacity resulted in the increase of river runoff.     

Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及抗生素耐药性研究

本研究旨在查明牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及对常见抗生素的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。对从中国部分地区奶牛场采集的临床型乳房炎病牛乳中分离鉴定出78株无乳链球菌地方菌株,制备沉淀反应抗原及6株标准血清型无乳链球菌单因子血清抗体,采用环状沉淀试验,对78株无乳链球菌地方菌株进行了血清学分型鉴定;同时采用K-B纸片法测定了这些菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明,引起奶牛乳房炎的无乳链球菌血清型主要为X型(60.26%),其次为Ⅲ型(10.26%)、R型(7.69%)、Ⅱ型(7.69%)和Ⅰb型(5.13%),Ⅰa型尚未发现。无乳链球菌对目前临床上使用的大部分抗生素,如头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星、氟哌酸和头孢他啶/棒酸均较敏感;但对氨苄青霉素、链霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林/棒酸和复方新诺明,有一定的耐药性,其耐药率达50%~100%。本研究对进一步研制有效的药物及疫苗,指导临床合理用药具有重要的意义。