清洁发展机制发展现状及问题分析

截至到2007年4月15日国际上在EB注册的CDM项目达到624个,总减排量达到134.64 Mt(CO2e)/a,我国在EB已注册项目69个,总减排量达到58.65 Mt(CO2e)/a,中国DNA已批准项目达383个。国际清洁发展机制发展十分迅速,但存在问题也较多,如:区域发展不均衡,项目注册程序复杂、周期长,方法学数量少,部分注册项目对东道国的可持续发展贡献甚微等。我国CDM项目发展速度与其他发展中国家相比仍较慢,HFC-23和N2O分解项目CERs所占比例过大,但其对促进我国社会环境的可持续发展贡献不大。最后提出一些促进我国CDM项目发展的建议。     

牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及抗生素耐药性研究

本研究旨在查明牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及对常见抗生素的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。对从中国部分地区奶牛场采集的临床型乳房炎病牛乳中分离鉴定出78株无乳链球菌地方菌株,制备沉淀反应抗原及6株标准血清型无乳链球菌单因子血清抗体,采用环状沉淀试验,对78株无乳链球菌地方菌株进行了血清学分型鉴定;同时采用K-B纸片法测定了这些菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明,引起奶牛乳房炎的无乳链球菌血清型主要为X型(60.26%),其次为Ⅲ型(10.26%)、R型(7.69%)、Ⅱ型(7.69%)和Ⅰb型(5.13%),Ⅰa型尚未发现。无乳链球菌对目前临床上使用的大部分抗生素,如头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星、氟哌酸和头孢他啶/棒酸均较敏感;但对氨苄青霉素、链霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林/棒酸和复方新诺明,有一定的耐药性,其耐药率达50%~100%。本研究对进一步研制有效的药物及疫苗,指导临床合理用药具有重要的意义。     

旱泉沟流域天然灌丛退化成因及保育对策

以祁连山自然保护区旱泉沟流域生境为研究对象,分析出气候变迁、鼠类破坏、认识偏差、超载滥牧、樵采挖药、农垦残食、利益相争等是天然灌丛退化的主要成因,以"人-草-畜"和谐发展为目标,提出了完善机制、分区治理,自然修复、持续经营,封山禁牧、育灌育草,以草定畜、划区轮牧,人工种草、合理利用,调整结构、增加收益的保育对策.     

基于决策树方法的青藏高原温泉区域高寒草地植被分类研究

植被指数作为植被生长状态的最佳指示因子,已成为植被分类的重要手段之一。为了解青藏高原温泉区域高寒草地植被的分布状况,利用野外样方调查获得植被点数据,结合MODIS/EVI遥感影像数据及数字高程（DEM）数据,综合分析各种高寒草地植被类型的EVI时序曲线特征及其生长环境的高程、坡度和坡向等地形特征,建立知识库并采用决策树分类算法对该区域的高寒草地植被分类进行研究。结果表明,总体分类精度为72%,Kappa系数是0.6,决策树方法能有效地分类和识别具有相似EVI时序特征的高寒草地植被。     

Postharvest residual soil nutrients and yield of spring wheat under water deficit in arid northwest China

In areas where two crops are grown per year or three crops every 2 years, the status of residual soil nutrients after the harvest of the first crop is critical to the crop to be grown immediately after, while the postharvest soil nutrient status can be influenced by irrigation applied to the test crop. This study determined the effect of various soil water treatments applied to the test crop on the status of postharvest residual soil nutrient pools in an arid environment. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown as test crop under conditions of full- (as control), high-, moderate-, and low-water conditions during jointing, booting-heading, and grain filling stages, in 2003 and 2004. Compared to the control, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly increased by subjecting the wheat crop to moderate-water conditions during various growth stages, and low-water conditions at jointing stage in both years. Soil C at harvest decreased linearly with increased grain yield of the test crop. Moderate- to high-water conditions during jointing stage resulted in 12-24% greater soil C in the top 40 cm depth in 2003, with a marginal difference in 2004. Water treatments impacted the status of residual soil nutrients in 2003; soil total N and available soil P in the top 40 cm depth were significantly higher in low- to moderate-water treatments compared to the control, while in 2004 significantly higher total N and P, available N, P and K were found only in the top 20 cm depth. Increased yield of wheat test crop with moderate-water resulted in increased postharvest residual soil nutrients, whereas the ratios of C/N, C/P, and C/K were largely influenced by years and were less related to water treatments. We conclude that the determination of postharvest soil C and nutrient elements may provide useful information in monitoring potential changes of soil nutrient status over time in the intensified cropping systems, and that the recommendation of fertilization for the crop to be grown immediately following the first crop can be established by simply analyzing the productivity of the first crop without intensive measurements of soil nutrients.     

平邑县山区金银花地产流研究

采用野外模拟人工降雨试验方法对金银花和荒草2种植被条件下坡地产流过程进行了研究.结果表明:覆盖条件是影响产流的重要因素;金银花与草本植物相比具有很高的雨水截蓄能力和改造土壤性状的能力,可以有效推迟坡面的产流时阀;通过对产流曲线的分析可以将产流过程分为3个阶段,即预产流阶段,迅速增长阶段,稳流阶段;快速增长阶段呈现对数增长.     

不同施氮量下干旱胁迫对棉花生长及种内关系的影响

土壤水分和氮肥是影响荒漠绿洲区作物生长和种内关系的主要因素。为明确不同施氮量下干旱胁迫对棉花产量以及种内关系的影响,本研究以集群栽培(1穴3株)下棉花为研究对象,设置3种施氮量[300 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、150 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和3种水分处理(正常水分、中度干旱胁迫、重度干旱胁迫),测定了不同处理下棉花的生长指标和棉花产量,分析了不同处理下棉花种内关系的变化。结果表明:1)同一施肥条件下,2016年和2017年棉花株高在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低,而茎粗随干旱胁迫加剧显著降低,但叶面积随干旱胁迫加剧却有所增加,且在中度干旱胁迫下的叶面积最大。2)同一施肥条件下,与正常水分相比,中度和重度干旱胁迫下棉花的茎秆生物量均显著下降;叶片生物量和籽棉产量在中度干旱胁迫下最高,在重度干旱胁迫下却降低。3)在当地施氮量300kg·hm~(-2)下,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,相对邻体效应(relativeneighbor effect, RNE)数值从正值变为负值;在氮肥减少处理(225 kg·hm~(-2))下,随着干旱胁迫的加剧, RNE数值先升高后降低,而在施氮量为150 kg·hm~(-2)处理下, RNE数值随着干旱的加剧逐渐降低,且均为负值。总之,在当地施氮量和中度干旱胁迫下棉花能够获得较高的籽棉产量,且在此处理下棉花的种内关系为助长关系;其他处理均降低了棉花的产量,并使得棉花的种内关系转变为竞争关系。     

Ionic composition and distribution in saline seeps of southwestern North Dakota,U.S.A.

Saline seeps, a common problem in the Northern Great Plains, were studied at four sites in southwestern North Dakota. Saturation extracts within seeps were dominated by sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. Where present, gypsum controlled calcium concentrations. Ionic distributions within and around seeps were influenced by precipitation and re-solution reactions, freeze-thaw phenomena, and ion pairing. Ion pairing reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ activities to a greater extent than Na⁺, resulting in elevated SAR levels in seeps and surrounding soils. Dryland salinity resulted in a form of desertification around seep areas.     

利用微卫星标记定位一个新的小麦抗白粉病基因

小麦农家品种ZB90是一个广谱抗白粉病材料.苗期和成株期鉴定表明,其白粉病抗性由显性单基因控制.从位于不同染色体上的53对微卫星引物中筛选出3对引物(Wms382、Wms311和Wms312),对144株F2分离群体进行抗病连锁性分析.另外,与Pm4a共分离的STS标记STS-470也被用于基因定位.这4个标记和抗病基因在染色体上的顺序为:基因位点-Xgwm382-Xgwm311-STS-470-Xgwm312,它们之间的遗传距离分别为2.9、4.5、23.1和49.6 cM,与小麦染色体2AL上已构建的微卫星图谱顺序一致.根据材料来源和抗病基因的染色体定位结果,确定该基因为一个新的小麦抗白粉病基因,并命名为PmZB90.文中还讨论了PmZB90和其他位于染色体2AL上的基因之间的关系.     

Aqua3D在傍河饮用水水源地地下水污染数值模拟中的应用

本文根据泰安东武傍河水源地水文地质勘测资料,借助于地下水系统数值模拟软件包——Aqua3D,建立了水源地地下水水流和溶质运移模型,通过观测井实测水位资料率定了水文地质参数,进行模拟校正,所得拟合曲线显示建模的水位变化趋势和实测的水位变化趋势基本一致,拟合程度较高;选择两种不同开采方案,应用模型模拟,预测结果显示:主供水区承压岩溶水亚硝酸盐浓度满足城市饮用水供水要求,但水源地潜水及大汶口镇承压水水质受河流污染影响较大,对饮用水供水安全构成威胁。