嘉峪关市人均GDP与环境污染的环境库兹涅茨曲线定量研究

嘉峪关市的经济增长使环境压力日益加重。该文基于嘉峪关市2000—2009年经济和环境统计数据,选取人均GDP和典型环境污染指标,利用统计方法建立了二者相关性关系的计量模型,结果表明:嘉峪关市环境状况和经济发展之间呈现"倒U"形环境库兹涅茨曲线和"U"形环境库兹涅茨曲线2种形式。根据嘉峪关市发展实际,分析了环境库兹涅茨曲线特殊性的原因,提出经济和环境健康协调发展的建议。     

自然保护区林缘社区能源需求分析与研究——以甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区为例

本文以白水江自然保护区林缘社区居民能源需求调查为依据,初步说明了林缘社区能源需求的现状。在此基础上,分析了当地居民对森林的依赖程度,进而对这种高依赖度的成因及对自然保护区生态环境的影响做出了有益的探讨,并提出了相应的建议和对策。     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛降雨截留特征研究

本研究于2009年6-9月,在科尔沁沙地选择主要固沙灌木——小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,通过对该灌丛的穿透雨和树干茎流的观测,确定了截留量、穿透雨量和茎流量在降雨分配中的比例,分析了降雨量和降雨强度对该灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透量的影响。试验期间,完整观测了穿透雨和茎流量的降雨总共为103.1mm,其中的穿透雨量、茎流量和截留量分别为73.1,4.1和25.9mm,分别占降雨的百分比为70.9%,4.0%和25.1%。回归分析表明该灌丛的穿透雨量、树干茎流量和截留量都与降雨量呈正相关关系,而穿透百分比和截留百分比则与降雨量的指数函数拟合较好;穿透百分比与1h最大降雨强度呈指数相关关系,而截留百分比和1h最大降雨强度与幂函数拟合较好。     

Soil macrofaunal response to sand dune conversion from mobile dunes to fixed dunes in Horqin sandy land,northern China

The response of macrofauna to dune conversion from mobile dunes to fixed dunes was investigated in Horqin sandy land, northern China. Macrofaunal communities were compared in four major stages: mobile dunes (MD), semi-mobile dunes (SMD), semi-fixed dunes (SFD) and fixed dunes (FD). Macrofauna were collected by hand in the field and identified in the lab on the basis of features observed under a magnifying glass. They were then classified into morphotypes at the order and family level. Environmental parameters indicated a significant alteration of the soil environment in the conversion process. A clear increasing trend in abundance, richness, and diversity of the macrofaunal community could be established from mobile dunes to fixed dunes. Data for the different taxa suggested specific responses to dune conversion. Specific groups in the initial stage were predators (Labiduridae and Myrmeleontidae larvae, presumably feeding on Noctuidae and other small flying insects), which in the intermediate stages were replaced by saprophagous taxa (Diptera larvae, feeding on many decaying roots buried in semi-mobile and semi-fixed dunes), and burrowing Tenebrionidae (adults, then larvae) with herbivorous Hemiptera in later fixation stages with higher plant density and cover. Overall, the conversion process, particularly the fixed dunes, provided more suitable habitats with greater soil organic matter and plant cover supporting macrofaunal communities with higher diversity, which further enhanced the stabilization process, benefiting the restoration of soil and vegetation in this semiarid sandy area.     

红碱淖湖泊沉积记录的近五十年来的环境变化

对红碱淖湖泊短钻岩芯沉积物进行了粒度、碳酸盐以及有机质含量等环境代用指标分析,恢复了红碱淖近五十年以来的环境变化过程。依据红碱淖湖泊沉积记录,可以将红碱淖过去五十年的环境变化大致划分为2大阶段：第一阶段（A阶段,1957～1996年）,湖泊环境变化的影响因素以自然因素为主,经历了迅速扩张（1957～1969年）、基本稳定（1969～1990年）和渐趋萎缩（1990～1996年）三个亚阶段;第二阶段（B阶段,1996～2005年）,湖泊面积缩小,但指标中碳酸盐含量减少,有机质含量快速增加,指示湖泊沉积环境受人类活动影响强烈,碳酸盐保存条件发生改变,碳酸盐含量在这种情况下已不能指示湖泊环境变化。     

Microclimate and CO2 fluxes on continuous fine days in the Xihu desert wetland,China

The Xihu desert wetland is located in an extremely arid area in Dunhuang,Gansu province of Northwest China.The area is home to an unusual geographic and ecological environment that is considered unique,both in China and the world.Microclimate is not only related to topography,but is also affected by the physical properties of underlying ground surfaces.Microclimate and CO2 flux have different characteristics under different underlying surface conditions.However,until now,few studies have investigated the microclimate characteristics and CO2 flux in this area.The eddy covariance technique(ECT) is a widely used and effective method for studying such factors in different ecosystems.Basing on data from continuous fine days obtained in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland between September 2012 and September 2013,this paper discussed and compared the characteristics of daily microclimate variations and CO2 fluxes between the two periods.Results from both years showed that there was a level of turbulent mixing and updraft in the area,and that the turbulent momentum flux was controlled by wind shear under good weather conditions.The horizontal wind velocity,friction wind velocity and vertical wind velocity were commendably consistent with each other.Air temperature in the surface layer followed an initial decreasing trend,followed by an increasing then decreasing trend under similar net radiation conditions.With changes in air temperature,the soil temperature in the surface layer follows a more obvious sinusoidal fluctuation than that in the subsoil.Components of ground surface radiation during the two study periods showed typical diurnal variations.The maximum diurnal absorption of CO2 occurred at around 11:00(Beijing time) in the Xihu desert wetland,and the concentrations of CO2 in both periods gradually decreased with time.This area was therefore considered to act as a carbon sink during the two observation periods.     

近50 a中国降水变化的准周期性特征及未来的变化趋势

通过分区分析了1961-2006年近50 a中国降水周期分量的年际变化特征,并对未来20 a（2006-2026年）降水的可能变化趋势做了预测。结果表明：就年际变化而言,大部分气候区的降水年际变化存在着显著的周期变化,并以高频（准3～4 a）变化为主,且具有相对的稳定性。过去的50 a,各气候区的降水呈现出下降趋势。周期叠加外推的结果表明,未来20 a,除西部干旱（半干旱）区的降水会出现少许的增多外,其余各气候区的降水量会出现弱的减少趋势。     

近50年来疏勒河上游气候变化及其对地表径流的影响

以1961—2010年疏勒河上游山区气温、降水和径流数据为基础,采用Mann—Kendall和R/S分析法,在年、季节尺度上研究了气温、降水和径流的变化特征,并采用多元线性回归分析法揭示了径流变化的主控因素。研究结果表明,近50a来研究区年均气温上升趋势显著且持续性极强。20世纪60—70年代气温偏低,1986年以后快速上升,并在1990年左右发生暖突变。降水量在研究时段内增加趋势明显且持续性较强。20世纪60—70年代降水偏少,80年代开始偏多,90年代偏少,1998年左右发生由少到多的突变。研究区气候在20世纪80年代中期由暖干向暖湿转型,受气候变化影响上游地区径流量显著增加,其年际和季节变化特征与降水变化相似。冬季和秋季径流变化主要受地下水影响,而春季和夏季径流变化主要受降水和冰雪融水的控制。     

甘肃白龙江流域植被覆盖度及景观格局变化

基于1998—2012年SPOT NDVI数据,采用像元二分模型和景观格局分析方法,对甘肃白龙江流域植被覆盖度及景观格局时空变化及影响因素进行分析。结果表明:（1）1998—2012年白龙江流域植被覆盖度明显增加,高植被覆盖度面积增加量最大（737.30 km²）,2012年中高和高植被覆盖度面积比例达70.7%,植被覆盖度增加区域主要分布在宕昌县北部、岷江东岸、舟曲—武都段白龙江两岸及其以北区域。（2）研究期间,白龙江流域植被覆盖整体改善、局地退化,植被覆盖度显著增加和轻度增加的总面积和比例分别为4 675.90 km²,25%,显著减少的面积仅占3.84%。（3）1998—2012年景观破碎度增大,斑块密度增加了58.23%;景观形状趋于复杂化,LSI,AWMPFD和IJI分别增大到25.14,1.128,80.01;香农多样性和均匀度指数分别减少到1.342,0.834。（4）白龙江流域植被覆盖度增加是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,退耕还林、天然林保护等一系列生态工程的实施是植被覆盖度增加的主要原因。     

水分对柠条萌蘖株和未平茬株光合参数及调渗物质的影响

对柠条Caragana korshinskii平茬后的萌蘖株和未平茬的对照株在夏季旺盛生长期进行了水分处理,并研究了浇水前后萌蘖株和对照株光合参数及调渗物质的变化。浇水前,萌蘖株具有较高的水势 (LWP)、光合速率(A)、气孔导度(G)、蒸腾速率(E)、光系统II最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统II实际量子产率(△F/Fm′);而对照株相应指标较低,但对照株光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）,脯氨酸(Pro)、 丙二醛(MDA)含量较高。浇水后,对照株LWP、A、G、E、Fv/Fm、△F/Fm′均有不同程度的上升,而NPQ值和Pro、MAD的含量下降。浇水对萌蘖株和对照株叶绿素(Chla+b)含量影响不显著,且浇水前后萌蘖株均高于对照株。结果表明：萌蘖株在生长季所受干旱胁迫较小,植物将更多的光能以光合作用的形式利用,植物生长迅速;而对照株所受干旱胁迫的影响较为严重,光合速率低,植物将更多的光能以热的形式消耗,导致植物生长缓慢。