Effects of the insecticide triazophos on the ultrastructure of the flight muscle of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a long-distance migratory insect pest in temperate eastern Asia and is a classical resurgent rice pest that is induced by insecticides. Knowledge of the effect of insecticides on the flight capacity of insects is needed to understand their migration, which may help to improve the management of insect pests. Our previous study demonstrated that some insecticides enhance the flight capacity of BPH. However, the effect of insecticides on the flight muscle of BPH is not well understood. Thus, the present study examined the effect of triazophos, a classical insecticide that induces the resurgence of BPH, on the ultrastructure of macropterous females using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the diameter of myofibrils one and two days after adult female emergence (DAE) following treatment with 40 ppm triazophos was significantly greater than that of the control, increasing by 31.4 and 21.5%, respectively. In addition, the length of the sarcomeres at two and three DAE was significantly greater than that of the control, increasing by 73.8 and 50.8%, respectively. The percentage of mitochondrial volume in the muscle fibres at one and two DAE was 146.2 and 67.7% greater than that of the control, respectively. These findings show that the mechanisms of triazophos-induced enhancement of the flight capacity of BPH involve changes in the ultrastructure of the flight muscle.     

二氯喹啉草酮与二氯喹啉酸的除草活性及对水稻安全性的比较

采用整株生物测定法测定两种除草剂二氯喹啉草酮与二氯喹啉酸茎叶处理对水稻田杂草的生物活性及对水稻的安全性。结果表明:当二氯喹啉草酮和二氯喹啉酸有效成分剂量均为600 g/hm2时, 两种除草剂对稗属杂草、鳢肠的鲜重抑制率均高于94%, 其GR90为107.35~558.58 g/hm2; 对马唐和耳叶水苋的鲜重抑制率低于85%, 对抗二氯喹啉酸西来稗和千金子的鲜重抑制率低于50%; 不同的是二氯喹啉草酮对丁香蓼和异型莎草的鲜重抑制率分别为92.17%、94.33%, 均显著高于二氯喹啉酸(83.64%, 85.57%)。二氯喹啉草酮和二氯喹啉酸对1.5叶期水稻安全性差, 选择性指数为2.53~3.58; 对3.5叶期水稻安全, 选择性指数大于4, 各处理水稻鲜重与对照组之间无显著差异。本着高效、安全、经济的原则, 不推荐二氯喹啉草酮用于防除水稻田禾本科杂草, 仅对部分阔叶类和莎草科杂草发生严重的水稻田, 二氯喹啉草酮可以作为补充除草剂。     

绿盲蝽、Q型烟粉虱、赤拟谷盗对云木香气味物质的嗅觉反应及其在防治中的应用

选择17种云木香挥发物测定绿盲蝽对其电生理及行为学反应。结果表明,芳樟醇和5-羟甲基糠醛可引起绿盲蝽强烈的电生理反应,且芳樟醇对绿盲蝽雌、雄虫均具有极显著的驱避作用,选择反应率均低于40%。而5-羟甲基糠醛原液与100倍稀释液均能显著地引诱绿盲蝽,选择反应率分别为51.43%和70.59%。此外,芳樟醇原液对Q型烟粉虱驱避与5-羟甲基糠醛对其的引诱作用同样显著。将这两种化合物组合形成“推-拉”策略后,寄主上绿盲蝽和Q型烟粉虱平均虫量分别为(2.2±0.6)头和(1.9±1.0)头,粘虫板上虫量分别为(7.7±0.7)头和(21.9±1.6)头,与对照组差异显著。5-羟甲基糠醛未对赤拟谷盗表现出引诱作用,但芳樟醇驱避作用显著,选择反应率为25%。表明利用“推-拉”策略防治经济害虫具有良好应用前景。     

薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

疮痂病是薄壳山核桃上最具毁灭性的病害,带菌植物材料是传播疮痂病的重要来源。准确、灵敏、快速的检测方法可为该病害流行规律调查和防控提供有力的依据。本文通过比较薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌Venturia effusa及其近似种之间的ITS序列差异,设计了特异性引物和TaqMan探针,建立了薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌的荧光定量PCR检测方法。特异性检测结果表明,该方法可以检测不同地区的薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌菌株,而对其近似种以及薄壳山核桃上的其他真菌均没有信号。本研究建立的检测方法对薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌DNA的最低检测限可达0.5 pg/μL。该方法用于田间样品检测时,检测时间仅需1 h,远快于常规的分离培养法。本研究建立的基于TaqMan探针的荧光定量PCR检测方法为薄壳山核桃疮痂病菌的快速检测和监测提供了有力工具。     

二化螟dsRNA降解酶基因的克隆与表达分析

为解析二化螟Chilo suppressalis体内参与降解双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)的关键核酸酶的功能,克隆二化螟不同的非专一性核酸酶（non-specific nuclease,NUC）基因,并对这些基因进行生物信息学分析和组织定量表达分析,同时对dsRNA降解酶（dsRNA degrading nuclease,dsRNase）活力的组织分布进行研究。结果显示,共克隆获得5个NUC基因,其中有4个编码dsRNase亚家族基因（CsdsRNase1～CsdsRNase4）和1个编码Endonuclease G亚家族基因（CsEndoG）。5个NUC基因的开放阅读框核苷酸序列长度范围为828～1 338 bp,编码275～445个氨基酸残基,其分子量大小为31.68～49.57 kD,预测等电点为5.48～9.42。CsdsRNase1和CsdsRNase2含有信号肽序列,两者相似度极高,且与家蚕Bombyx mori和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura中具有dsRNA降解酶活力的dsRNase同源聚类;CsdsRNase1和CsdsRN...     

异色瓢虫两个单倍体基因型的生物学特性比较

势单倍型异色瓢虫生物学特性的差异,在室内条件下以豌豆修尾蚜Megoura japonica（Matsumura）为食物,观察这两个单倍型的幼虫期死亡率和发育历期、雌成虫终身产卵量和卵孵化率等生物学参数。结果表明,单倍型-I和单倍型-Ⅱ的幼虫发育历期差异显著,分别为14.38和13.75 d;单倍型-I在幼虫各龄期的死亡率均低于单倍型-Ⅱ,分别为13.33%和29.20%（1龄）、5.49%和13.75%（2龄）、1.16%和4.35%（3龄）、2.35%和10.61%（4龄）。单倍型-I和单倍型-Ⅱ的成虫终身产卵量无显著差异,分别为936粒和887粒;卵孵化率差异显著,单倍型-I的卵孵化率（64.53%）高于单倍型-Ⅱ（60.99%）。综合来看,异色瓢虫的两个单倍型在自然界存在数量差异的原因可能是其在生殖和发育上的差异造成的。     

Genomic characteristics of Dickeya fangzhongdai isolates from pear and the function of type IV pili in the chromosome

Dickeya fangzhongdai, the causal agent of bleeding canker of pear, is a new member of the Dickeya genus and the only one that infects woody plants. Recent studies have reclassified several Dickeya isolates as D. fangzhongdai, which were isolated from various environments, including water, Phalaenopsis sp. and Aglaonema sp. To provide genomic characterization of D. fangzhongdai isolates from pear, the genomes of D. fangzhongdai strain JS5 (=China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC 1.15464^T=DSM 101947^T), along with two other isolates, LN1 and QZH3, were sequenced and compared to those of other Dickeya spp. Homology greater than 99% was observed among three D. fangzhongdai strains. Plasmid, type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type IV pili (TFPs) were found in genomes of D. fangzhongdai isolates. Comparative analysis of the type III secretion systems (T3SS), type III secretion effectors (T3SE), plant cell wall degradation enzymes (PCWDE) and membrane transport proteins of Dickeya spp. showed some differences which might reflect the variations of virulence, phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of Dickeya spp. In addition, deletion mutant of TFP in D. fangzhongdai JS5 showed no twitching motility and reduced virulence and biofilm formation. The fingdings of the distinctive plasmid, T4SS and TFPs, as well as the differences of T3SE, PCWDE and membrane transport proteins make D. fangzhongdai isolates unique. These results also suggested that acquisition of virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer might play some role in the genetic variation of D. fangzhongdai.     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗药性水平及抗性机理分析

为明确东北稻区稻稗Echinochloa oryzoides HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平及抗性机制,采用整株生物测定法测定稻稗种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,明确抗性种群的交互抗性和多抗性情况,研究3种细胞色素P450抑制剂对其敏感性的影响;并应用分子生物学方法进行稻稗的乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)离体活性测定、ALS基因序列分析及其表达量测定。结果表明:在东北稻区,五氟磺草胺对稻稗HJHL-715种群鲜重的抑制中剂量GR50为62.53 g/hm^2;稻稗HJHL-715的ALS基因序列中未发现氨基酸突变,其ALS离体活性与敏感种群的ALS离体活性无显著性差异,ALS基因表达量显著低于敏感种群。1-氨基苯并三唑(1-aminobenzotriazole,ABT)、胡椒基丁醚(piperomyl butoxide,PBO)、马拉硫磷3种P450抑制剂显著提高了稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,使其对五氟磺草胺的GR50由原来的62.53 g/hm^2分别下降到5.78、5.02、3.53 g/hm^2。表明东北稻区已经出现了对五氟磺草胺具有高水平抗性的稻稗种群,稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性很可能是由细胞色素P450介导的代谢增强所致。