低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响,在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理,研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明,无论是否进行低温驯化,南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下,是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响,但在4℃和6℃条件下,低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命,分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降,在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时,其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性,低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏,6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

Economic losses by rats on experimental rice farms in the Philippines

Fifty-one scientists at the International Rice Research Institute took part in a survey to determine the extent of rat damage on experimental rice fields in 1980 and the resultant data loss. Their responses suggested that rat damage occurred in 86·0% of 171 field experiments, causing complete loss of data in 6·4% and partial loss in 59·1%. Survey results indicated that rat damage was unaffected by season or among plots protected by a non-electrified fence, electrified fence, or no fence. The incidence of complete loss of research data was highest in experimental plots protected by an electrified fence. Data losses were estimated as equivalent to monetary losses of about US$ 370 000 for 1 year.     

Yield response to pre-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals with isoxaben in France

A series of 59 trials was designed to assess the yield response to the control of broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals in the 1982/83, 1983/84 and 1984/85 seasons. When apllied pre-emergence to winter cereals, isoxaben provided season-long control of a wide spectrum of broad-leaved weeds including Veronica spp., Viola spp., Stellaria media, Aphanes arvensis, Papaver rhoeas and Matricaria spp. In 22 trials on winter barley and 37 trials on winter wheat treated pre-emergence with isoxaben in the autumn, mean yield increases of 0 · 22 t/ha and 0 · 14 t/ha respectively were recorded over that produced by herbicide combinations applied as post-emergence treatments in the spring. The mean yield increases with isoxaben over untreated controls were 0 · 30 t/ha and 0 · 26 t/ha on winter barley and winter wheat respectively.     

Development of a database computer management system for retrieval on varietal field evaluation and plant breeding information in agriculture

This paper describes a specialized database system to facilitate decisions by the farmer in the choice of variety based on an analytical process of the way to improve crop yield and reduce the effects of environmental interaction.The system is a special computer software that gives the possibility to plan, analyse and build a database from the varietal agronomic trials of cereals. The principal target of the system is agriculture. On the basis of statistical analysis, the package provides a list of varieties recommended for cultivation in a specific environment. A further utilization of the package is for breeding and statistical inference to quantify the adaptability of varieties in a wide range of environments according to their stability parameters. The system was found to be flexible and user-friendly, and could be used for a number of different applications.     

木芙蓉上亚利桑那跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生研究

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是我国重要观赏和药用植物木芙蓉上的主要害虫之一,但迄今对其被优势天敌亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)（班氏跳小蜂A. bambawalei Hayat）的寄生情况了解甚少。为此,自2017年开始,在浙江兰溪西部的一个木芙蓉种植区开展了为期四年的调查,每年6—9月,分批从木芙蓉植株上采集3龄若虫及未产卵雌成虫,于室内观察寄生情况;并于其中两年观察了不同生境中的寄生情况,探讨了寄生季节变化的动态特征及相关影响因素、杂草促进寄生的途径以及增强该粉蚧自然控制的措施。结果表明,在前期（6—7月）寄生率总体上较低,其中两年最高分别仅有38%和32%,另外两年也很少发现被寄生个体,而且该时期寄生率年份间存在明显波动。而在后期（8—9月）,寄生率相对较高,且具有从8月上旬开始逐步上升这一显著特点。观察期间,最高寄生率均出现于各年份9月下旬,四年中分别为89%、62%、55%和13%,年份间差异十分明显。生境类型可对寄生水平产生较大影响,与木芙蓉地块内和杂草稀疏的田埂相比,杂草丛生的田埂上和路...     

Method of assessment of red leaf blotch on soybeans used to evaluate cultivar susceptibility and chemical control

A field method to assess the infection of soybeans (Glycine max) by Pyrenochaeta glycines, the cause of red leaf blotch (RLB), was developed and successfully used in three field experiments. The assessment method relates infection in the upper canopy leaves to a 0–6 logit scale. Three sprays of the fungicide, fentin acetate (tripenyltin acetate) at 0.6 kg ha⁻¹ applied to plants of four selected soybean cultivars during reproductive growth restricted symptoms, thereby prolonging physiological development and increasing seed yield. Cultivars differed in their susceptibility to P. glycines and yields were larger in the less susceptible cultivars.     

蛀虫蜡蚧菌的产孢条件优化

蛀虫蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium cauligalbarum是蜡蚧菌属中最近报道的新种,目前对其研究尚属空白。为寻求易于生长的培养基成分,本文通过单因素筛选最佳碳源、氮源、生长因子并进行正交试验优化。筛选的产孢条件（m/v）为：可溶性淀粉1%,酵母粉3%,蚕蛹粉1.5%,基础培养基（氯化钾0.05%,磷酸氢二钾0.1%,七水硫酸镁0.05%,七水硫酸亚铁0.001%）,琼脂1.5%,蒸馏水1000 mL,25℃。优化培养基产孢量是PDA的4.5倍,是沙氏培养基的15.6倍。结果还显示该菌的产孢量受氮源影响较大,并对无机氮利用较低。这些结果将为蛀虫蜡蚧菌的后续研究提供基础资料。     

蛋白质激发子Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗作用

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒（barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV）引起的一种小麦病毒病,其传播介体是小麦蚜虫,在小麦生产中造成巨大的经济损失。近年来,植物诱导抗性作为一种新兴的植物病虫害防治措施引起了广泛的关注。蛋白质激发子Hrip1可以激活多种植物的免疫防御反应诱导植物产生广谱抗性。本研究评价了Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗效果。用30 μg/mL的Hrip1溶液进行小麦浸种和幼苗喷雾,随后接种BYDV,接种后第14 d,Hrip1对小麦黄矮病控制效果在50%以上,接种后第21 d控制效果仍在30%以上。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗体内,BYDV外壳蛋白mRNA的数量显著低于对照组;EPG结果显示,在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗上,麦二叉蚜寻找叶片刺吸位点和韧皮部取食位点的时间增加。以上结果表明：Hrip1能够有效地抑制BYDV在小麦体内的增殖;影响传毒媒介麦二叉蚜的取食行为,抑制其传毒能力。此外,Hrip1处理小麦能有效缓解BYDV引起的叶片黄化和植株矮化的症状。因此,Hrip1可以作为生物诱导剂综合控制小麦黄矮病。     

Reproductive polyphenism and its advantages in aphids: Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

Reproductive polyphenism, which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs, is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids. Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes, and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature). The typical annual life of aphids includes a succession of parthenogenetic generations during the spring and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn. In this review, we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation, and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes) to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction. We also discuss the paradox of sex, especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids. With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids, many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness. In particular, we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids, which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.