河北省核桃生产的波动性分析

利用年度统计数据,首先对河北省核桃生产变动及在全国的地位作了动态比较分析;其次对河北省核桃产量与单产和结果面积关联度进行了计算,发现产量与结果面积的关联度高于产量与单产的关联度;最后,对核桃短期和长期波动进行研究,发现核桃生产平均每3.8年经历一个波动周期,结果面积的长期波动性大于单产的长期波动性。研究结果对于河北省的核桃生产有指导意义。     

Comparative Study About Some Physical Properties, In vitro Digestibility and Immunoreactivity of Soybean Protein Isolate for Infant Formula

The objective of this study was to determine molecular weight subunit distributions of soy protein isolate (SPI) by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, and further to investigate the differences of thixotropy, viscosity, in vitro digestibility and immunoreactivity of SPI for infant formula produced in Chinese domestic companies and world famous SPI manufacturers such as Dupont and Fuji. The molecular subunit distributions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, indicating that Solae and Fuji were hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes. The thixotropy of Fuji and Solae significantly reduced around by 95 %, compared with those of Mantianxue and Dupont Zhengzhou. The allergen contents of Fuji and Solae strikingly decreased by 60 and 84 % respectively, in contrast to that of Mantianxue. The in vitro protein digestibility of Solae at the end of pepsin and trypsin digestion markedly increased by 11.7 and 11.3 %, respectively, in comparison to those of Mantianxue. Suitable enzymatic hydrolyzed SPIs showed lower thixotropy, viscosity, immunoreactivity and higher in vitro protein digestibility than those from the other SPIs. The lower thixotropy indicates low difficulty or shear stress in swallowing for infants. The lower immunoreactivity will improve the safety of SPI for cow milk allergic babies.     

冀北山区各县森林生态系统生态服务功能价值评估

以冀北山地的森林生态系统为例,利用中华人民共和国林业行业标准《中国森林生态系统服务功能观测与评估规范(LY/T 1721-2008)》定量评价了该区涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气、积累营养物质、游憩功能等森林生态系统服务功能的生态经济价值。结果表明,冀北山地森林生态系统服务功能价值平均每年5 934 188.37万元,其中涵养水源价值为3 007 606万元,固碳释氧价值为1 469 098.02万元,物种保育价值为900 248万元,保育土壤价值为279 321.51万元,营养物质积累价值为257 893.27万元,净化大气价值为20 021.57万元。各县区单位面积森林生态系统服务价值顺序为:围场县>平泉县>隆化县>赤城县>承德县>崇礼县>丰宁县>滦平县>双桥区>双滦区。     

冀北山地山杨林胸径生长规律研究

以山杨为研究对象,在调查山杨胸径生长过程的基础上,探究了冀北山地山杨林的生长规律。结果表明:抛物线方程拟合其立木株数生长过程随年龄变化效果最好,对数方程拟合其胸径生长过程效果最好。山杨天然次生林中,50年生的胸径总生长量为13.3cm,年平均生长量0.27cm/年。胸径连年生长量和平均生长量5年生达到高峰,为0.80cm/年。该地区山杨天然次生林林分生长高峰到来早,中后期生长速度慢,总生长量较低,需要进行合理经营。     

冀南地区林下养鸡生态模式的研究

为了寻找发展林下经济的途径,笔者对河北临漳县的林下散养鸡进行了研究。试验结果表明,林下散养鸡林地的土壤容重降低,孔隙度、水分增加,氮磷钾有机质等营养成分增加;散养鸡试验林地林木的树高、胸径明显大于对照林地;林下养鸡的经济效益较好,优于传统家庭笼养;林下散养鸡生产系统的环境负载率和可持续发展能力方面均优于笼养鸡。林下散养鸡模式具有良好的经济效益和生态效益,是我国退耕还林后,林地充分利用的良好模式,值得推广。     

中国与金砖国家农产品贸易的总体情况分析

作为世界重要农业大国的金砖国家,农产品贸易是其对外贸易中及其重要的一部分,统计资料显示,金砖国家已成为中国重要的农产品贸易伙伴。该研究选取了2008~2012年数据,从贸易规模、出口商品结构、进口商品结构以及贸易地位4个方面分析了中国与金砖国家农产品贸易的总体情况,在此基础上提出了缩小逆差规模、增加农产品附加值等促进中国与其他金砖国家农产品贸易健康发展的对策建议。     

Causes of maize density loss in farmers' fields in Northeast China

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.     

土壤基质势调控对温室滴灌番茄土壤水分分布和产量的影响

【目的】指导设施蔬菜生产中科学合理地利用滴灌技术进行灌溉。【方法】采用小区试验的方法,以冬春茬番茄为研究对象,布置了7个不同土壤基质势阈值的试验,在番茄开花坐果期和结果期分别控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势在-15和-15 kPa(S1)、-15和-30 kPa(S2)、-15和-45 kPa(S3)、-25和-25 kPa(S4)、-30和-15 kPa(S5)、-30和-30 kPa(S6)以及-30和-45 kPa(S7),研究了日光温室滴灌土壤基质势调控下土壤水分随时间变化及空间分布的规律,以及番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率等。【结果】①控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势可以明显影响0～100 cm深度土壤水分状况。②在番茄开花坐果期,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-30 kPa或更高时,番茄根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分基本不变,0～60 cm深度土壤体积含水率平均为28.6%,为田间持水率的84%,60～100 cm土壤体积含水率平均为36.2%,为田间持水率的90%。③番茄进入结果期后,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-25～-15 kPa时,整个土体土壤含水率基本保持在田间持水率的77%～91%,根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分消耗缓慢;当土壤基质势阈值降低到-45～-30 kPa时,根系吸收利用到80～100 cm深度的土壤水分,整个土体土壤含水率不断降低,降低到田间持水率的60%～66%。④不同处理番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率有明显差异,其中S3和S7处理番茄产量高,S5处理产量低;S1、S3和S4处理的畸形果率大,S6和S7处理的畸形果率低;S1处理的灌溉水利用效率最低,S7处理的灌溉水利用效率最高。【结论】日光温室少量高频滴灌条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势阈值开花坐果期控制在-30 kPa、结果期控制在-45 kPa时,整个土体土壤水分状况基本良好,番茄的产量高,畸形果率低,灌溉水利用效率高。     

长白落叶松树冠光分布的动态模拟

目的消光系数（k）是模拟树冠光分布的重要指标,本研究通过对比常见的获得k值的方法,筛选最优方法,对长白落叶松人工林树冠内光合有效辐射（PAR）进行动态估计。方法（1）将实测的PAR数据按3∶1划分为拟合数据和检验数据,利用拟合数据构建k值预估模型（方法I）。（2）用拟合数据,采用人为设定不同梯度的k值估计树冠PAR,筛选最优的k值（方法II）。（3）基于叶倾角数据,采用2种不同的平均叶倾角公式（方法III-1、方法III-2）,对k值进行计算。将检验数据作为独立样本对以上3种方法估计的PAR进行独立性检验。通过对比以上3种方法对树冠内PAR的估计效果,选择最优的k值计算方法,结合气象数据对PAR进行动态估计。结果根据实测PAR数据计算的树冠各轮层k值存在较大差异,总体在0.1 ~ 1.5之间,且与相对着枝深度（RDINC）呈明显的指数函数或幂函数关系。同时太阳高度角（S_a）、累积叶面积最大值（MCLA）、叶面积密度（NAD）和树冠表面积（CS）对k值的垂直变化也有明显影响。因此方法I将指数函数作为基础模型,以RDINC、S_a、CLA、NAD和CS为自变量建立了k值估计模型,模型的拟合效果较好（R2 = 0.736,RMSE = 0.124）。方法II中,当k取0.32时对PAR的估计效果最好。利用方法III计算的各轮层消光系数差异较小,总体在0.3 ~ 0.7之间。采用独立样本检验以上3种方法对PAR估计的效果,结果表明方法I对PAR的估计效果较好（平均误差ME = 2.88,平均误差绝对值MAE = 117.4,预估精度P = 91.53%）,方法II对PAR的估计效果次之（ME = ? 7.2,MAE = 217.5,P = 88.12%）,方法III对PAR最差（方法III-1中 ME = 121.4,MAE = 210.1,P = 55.85%;方法III-2中 ME = 226.4,MAE = 259.0,P = 42.93%）。结论k值在不同林木、不同轮层及不同的太阳高度情况下并不是一个固定值。本研究建立的k估计模型充分考虑了以上3个重要变量,符合客观实际,且对估计长白落叶松树冠PAR有良好的效果,研究结果为人工长白落叶松树冠内不同位置净光合速率的模拟提供了基础。      

Functional Metagenomics to Mine Soil Microbiome for Novel Cadmium Resistance Genetic Determinants

Metal resistance genes are valuable resources for genetic engineering of bioremediation tools. In this study, novel genetic determinants involved in cadmium (Cd) resistance were identified using a small-insert metagenomic DNA library constructed from an arable soil microbiome. A total of 16 recombinant plasmids harboring 49 putative open reading frames (ORFs) were found to be associated with enhanced Cd tolerance. In addition to several ORFs for ion transport/chelation and stress response, most ORFs were assumed to be associated with non-direct metal resistance mechanisms such as energy metabolism, protein/amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate/fatty acid metabolism, and signal transduction. Furthermore, 13 ORFs from five clones selected at random were cloned and subject to Cd resistance assay. Eight of these ORFs were positive for Cd resistance when expressed in Escherichia coli, among which four ORFs significantly reduced Cd accumulation and one increased Cd enrichment of the host cells. Notably, C1-ORF1, potentially encoding a histidine kinase-like adenosine triphosphatase, was the most effective Cd resistance determinant and reduced host Cd accumulation by 33.9%. These findings highlight the vast capacity of soil microbiome as a source of gene pool for bioengineering. The novel genetic determinants for Cd resistance identified in this study merit further systematic explorations into their molecular mechanisms.