Intensive long-term management practices in forest ecosystems can markedly influence soils’ physicochemical and microbial properties. However, their effects on the magnitude of nutrient pools and activities of enzymes regarding nutrient cycling in subtropical forest soils remain unclear. This study aimed to examine effects of long-term intensive management (organic mulching and chemical fertilization) on concentrations of different C, N, and P fractions and activities of enzymes involved with nutrient cycling in a subtropical Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) forest soil.
Materials and methods
Soil samples were taken from a chronosequence of Lei bamboo forests with intensive management spanning 0, 5, 10, and 15 years. Concentrations of various forms of C, N, and P, as well as activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, urease, protease, and acid phosphatase were measured.
Results and discussion
The results revealed that the concentrations of different classes of C (water-soluble organic C, hot-water-soluble organic C, and readily oxidizable C), N (NH4+-N, NO3?-N, and water-soluble organic N), and P [resin-inorganic P (Pi), NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-organic P (Po), NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, HCl-Pi, and residual-P] were enhanced markedly with prolonged duration of intensive management. Furthermore, activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, urease, protease, and acid phosphatase were increased following a 5-year treatment, while they were markedly reduced from 5- to the 15-year treatments. The 15 years of intensive management significantly reduced microbial biomass C and N concentrations by 8.2% and 31.9%, respectively, compared to the control.
Conclusions
We concluded that long-term intensive management led to the accumulation of C, N, and P, while it negatively impacted microbial biomass and activities of enzymes involved in nutrient cycling in subtropical Lei bamboo forest soils. Consequently, a reduction in chemical fertilizers should be considered toward the long-term sustainable development of subtropical Lei bamboo forests.
The effect of cold storage on antioxidant profile and the antioxidant activity of five sweet orange genotypes [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], three blood (pigmented) varieties with different anthocyanin contents (‘Tarocco Messina’, ‘Tarocco Meli’ and ‘Moro’) and two blond varieties (‘Ovale’ and ‘Valencia late’), stored at 6 ± 1 °C for 65 d was investigated. During fruit storage, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, vitamin C, flavanones and total phenolics were determined, and juice antioxidant capacity was measured by two different in vitro tests (DPPH scavenging activity and inhibition of induced linoleic acid peroxidation). The results showed an increase in anthocyanins, flavanones and hydroxycinnamic acids and a slight decrease in vitamin C in the blood oranges. Cold storage negatively affected flavanone concentration, while positively influenced vitamin C in blond orange varieties. Both antioxidant activity tests showed an increase in antioxidant capacity during storage caused mainly by phenolic accumulation (blood oranges) and vitamin C increase (blond oranges). Finally, correlations between antioxidant activity and total or individual phenolic components were examined. 相似文献
Shewanella alga BrY, a dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium (DIRB), transformed inert ferric oxides that are common in sediments, aquifer material and passivated permeable reactive iron barriers (PRBs), producing dissolved and sorbed Fe(II) capable of rapidly reducing and immobilizing Cr(VI). The effect of groundwater chemistry on the formation and reactivity of such microbial-produced, abiotic reductants was investigated. Batch reactors with high carbonate concentration (10 mM) were the most reactive, removing 66.0% ± 2.8 of Cr (VI) (76 mg/l) from liquid phase within 5 min. Treatments with high concentrations of sulfate (5.2 mM), chloride (10 mM), phosphate (1 mM) or silica (0.75 mM) were less reactive (about 40% removal). Loss of reactivity was observed possibly due to oxidation of Fe(II) (sorbed and dissolved) by Cr(VI). Normalization of Cr(VI) removal to the mass of biogenic solid present showed the following molar Cr/Fe ratios in solid phase: 0.185 ± 0.041 (carbonate), 0.146 ± 0.013 (sulfate), 0.092 ± 0.010 (silica), 0.075 ± 0.012 (phosphate) and 0.062 ± 0.012 (chloride). Overall, these results show that bacterial transformation of inert ferric oxides can contribute to the (abiotic) natural attenuation of Cr(VI) in and around PRBs, and that groundwater chemistry is an important determinant of biogenic solids reactivity. 相似文献