天津地区土壤环境中有机氯农药残留特征

通过对天津市辖区6种不同土地利用类型和2种灌溉类型的188个点位进行野外实地采样及定量分析,分析了天津市土壤环境中有机氯农药（OCPs）残留的空间分布特征及来源,系统研究了天津市六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）各异构体单体在土壤中的残留水平、空间和剖面的分布特征,以及残留量今昔情况比较。结果表明：天津市土壤环境中HCHs和DDTs含量均可以达到国家一级标准。天津市HCHs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、滨海地区相对较重,市区次之,远郊区较轻;DDTs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、市区相对较重,远郊区次之,滨海地区较轻;不同的土壤利用类型中,城市绿地的OCPs残留量最高,清灌区和污灌区的OCPs残留量差异不大。剖面分析结果显示,有机氯农药的残留总量主要集中在0～30 cm的耕作层中。通过比较HCHs和DDTs的残留情况发现,DDTs的降解率高于HCHs,天津个别地区出现残留水平异常情况。     

Nutritional and health benefits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant species of the Chenopodiaceae family, which originated in the Andean region and can adapt to different types of soil and climatic conditions. It is a pseudo grain with high nutritional value as it is rich in proteins, lipids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and has an extraordinary balance of essential amino acids. Quinoa also contains a high amount of health-beneficial phytochemicals including saponins, phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids. It is known that quinoa has considerably positive effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal health in humans. Despite all these health benefits, quinoa is not widely consumed due to several reasons, such as high import costs of the grain and lack of knowledge regarding its benefits among consumers. As we believe that further research is needed to provide more information about quinoa, this review was prepared to investigate its basic compounds and health effects.     

Effect of prolonged cold storage on the sensory quality of peach and nectarine

To maintain peach and nectarine quality after harvest, low temperature storage is used. Low temperatures induce physiological disorders in peach, but the effect of cold storage on the sensory quality of the fruit before it is damaged by chilling injury syndrome remains unclear. To evaluate the cold storage effect on the sensory quality two peach cultivars (’Royal Glory’ and ‘Elegant Lady’) and two nectarines (’Ruby Diamond’ and ‘Venus’) were harvested at a standardized firmness level and subjected to quality evaluations and sensory analysis at harvest and after storage at 0 °C for 35 d. For both time points, a supplementary ripening followed such that homogeneous flesh firmness and suitability for consumption was achieved.The fruit segregation through the Durofel firmness (DF), evaluated using a non-destructively method (Durofel device), allowed the formation of a uniform group of fruit in terms of flesh firmness (FF), showing scores between 45.1 and 55.9 N. The average FF in fruit ripened immediately after harvest was 22.9 N and 25.6 N in fruit ripened after cold storage for 35 d.The “acceptability” of fruit is highly correlated with “aroma”, “sweetness”, “juiciness”, “texture” and “flavor”. Only the “acid taste” parameter had no significant correlation with “acceptability” or with the other parameters evaluated.It is possible to conclude that the sensory quality and acceptability of peach and nectarine are characteristic of each cultivar and change, depending on the time elapsed after harvest. In general, it was confirmed that nectarine cultivars have a more consistent quality than peach cultivars.     

玉米黄粉可降解性塑料的制备和性质

玉米黄粉是湿法玉米淀粉加工的副产物。为充分利用这种副产物生产可降解塑料,将其与增塑剂甘油混合后,经单螺杆挤压机制成母粒,母粒再被热压成型为试验片,并对试验片的性质进行了分析,结果表明：含有20%甘油的试验片具有良好的机械性质;以Halsey方程为基础,建立的模型能预测试验片拉伸强度与相对湿度关系,经验证模型与实际测量值具有良好的拟合性;应用扫描电子显微镜观察试验片内部结构的结果表明它具有均匀的结构;热重分析的结果表明可降解试验片在170℃以下时能保持热稳定性。     

阳离子半纤维素的制备及对纸张的增强作用研究

以三倍体毛白杨硫酸盐法制浆造纸过程中预提取出来的半纤维素为原料,在乙醇-水介质中制备季铵型阳离子半纤维素.讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响.结果表明,最佳合成条件为:氢氧化钠用量6%、醚化剂用量30%、乙醇用量50%、反应温度60℃、反应时间3.0h,在此条件下可以得到取代度为0.034的阳离子半纤维素.采用红外光谱对改性前后半纤维素的结构变化进行表征,并使用所合成的阳离子半纤维素作为纸张增强剂,研究了它对纸张的增强作用.研究发现,当阳离子半纤维素的加入量为0.7%(取代度为0.034)时,可显著提高纸张的强度.     

山茱萸发酵酒制备工艺条件优化研究

为优化山茱萸发酵酒的制备工艺,该文通过单因素试验筛选山茱萸干果浸泡后压榨物的水解酶种类与用量,以及果汁发酵工艺中活性干酵母种类、蔗糖添加方式、化学降酸剂类型;通过正交试验优选蔗糖、酵母及酒石酸钾的最佳用量;再由单因素试验选取用于后发酵液的澄清剂种类及用量。山茱萸发酵酒最佳制备工艺为:压榨物用3.0 mL/L戊聚糖复合酶L水解;过滤得到的果汁经1.0 g/L碳酸钾+10.0 g/L酒石酸钾降酸后用0.50 g/L?活性干酵母VL3发酵,48 h后加100.0 g/L蔗糖继续发酵至CO2达失重平衡;分离得到的酒液经后发酵15 d后用2.00 g/L精制果胶酶进行澄清。验证试验表明该优化工艺条件具有可重复性。      

利用小麦麦麸制备阿魏酸工艺条件的初步研究

[目的]研究通过酶法和碱提取方法利用小麦麦麸制备阿魏酸的工艺条件。[方法]用酶对小麦麦麸进行预处理,去除淀粉、蛋白质和糖类物质,用氢氧化钠提取阿魏酸,麦麸与碱液的比例为1∶20,通过正交试验分别确定酶法处理干燥小麦麦麸和碱液提取阿魏酸的最优工艺条件。[结果]用酶法预处理干燥小麦麦麸的最优工艺条件是:耐高温α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶和糖化酶的加酶量分别为2 000、1 398和50 000 U/g麦麸;用碱法从经酶预处理的麦麸中提取阿魏酸的最佳工艺条件是:氢氧化钠浓度为1.5%,提取温度为85℃,提取时间4h,同时在氢氧化钠中加入0.5%的KBH4,可有效增加阿魏酸的在提取液中的保留量,阿魏酸得率可达9.414%~10.937%。[结论]该研究为提高小麦麦麸的利用率和附加值提供科学依据。     

球磨杠柳木质素化学结构特性

对球磨的杠柳(Periploca sepium)采用含有0.05mol/L HCl的80%液体二氧六环在85℃处理4h、二甲基亚砜在85℃处理4h,以及8% NaOH在50℃处理3h,得到86%的原本木质素.采用FTIR、UV、液态1H和13C-NMR研究了酸性二氧六环、二甲基亚砜和碱溶性木质素组分的结构特征.结果表明:温和条件下,球磨与酸水解对分离的木质素大分子结构破坏不大.其中,温和酸水解使半纤维素和木质素之间醚键发生显著断裂,并使半纤维素发生部分降解.由于酸性二氧六环溶解的木质素主要来自初生壁,而碱溶性木质素主要来自次生壁,导致酸性二氧六环溶解的木质素与二甲基亚砜和碱溶性木质素结构不同.     

磷石膏对吹填海泥改性的影响

[目的]探讨磷石膏改良吹填土的机理。[方法]通过室内模拟脱盐试验,探讨磷石膏对吹填土理化性质的改良效果。[结果]施用磷石膏可提高吹填土的脱盐速率,以混施效果最好,与对照相比差异达0.01显著水平;磷石膏的施入使单位体积水量的淋盐效率下降,增加淋洗用水量;混施磷石膏可以部分抑制吹填土脱盐碱化,淋洗后pH比对照低0.6个单位,总碱度、RSC、SAR都低于对照,而且可使吹填土的离子组成由NaCl型转为CaSO4或Ca（HCO3）2型。[结论]磷石膏对吹填土淋洗脱盐不但有促进作用,而且可以改善吹填土的理化性状。不同施用方式的效果存在一定的差异,以与吹填土混合施用效果最好。