Vitamin C in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) flower buds as affected by postharvest light,UV-B irradiation and temperature

In this study, the changes in vitamin C, l-ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels in broccoli flower buds were examined during pre-storage and storage periods, simulating refrigerated transport with wholesale distribution and retail, respectively. Broccoli heads were pre-stored for 4 or 7 days at 0 °C or 4 °C in the dark and then stored for 3 days at 10 °C or 18 °C. During storage the broccoli heads were exposed for 12 h per day to three different levels of visible light (13, 19 or 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or a combination of visible light (19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and UV-B irradiation (20 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹), or they were stored in the dark. The vitamin C content in broccoli flower buds during storage was significantly affected by pre-storage period and temperature. Higher vitamin C levels in flower buds after storage were observed for broccoli heads pre-stored for 4 days or at 0 °C as compared to those pre-stored for 7 days or at 4 °C. Storage temperature also affected vitamin C in broccoli flower buds, with higher levels observed for broccoli stored at 10 °C than at 18 °C. Hence, vitamin C in broccoli flower buds was demonstrated to decrease together with increasing pre-storage period, pre-storage temperature and storage temperature. AA in broccoli flower buds was influenced mainly by storage temperature and to a minor extent by pre-storage temperature. The DHA level and DHA/AA ratio were stable in flower buds of broccoli pre-stored for 7 days, whereas increasing tendencies for both DHA level and ratio were observed after pre-storage for 4 days. These results indicate a shift in the ascorbate metabolism in broccoli flower buds during storage at low temperatures, with its higher rate observed for broccoli pre-stored for shorter time. There were no effects of the light and UV-B irradiation treatments on vitamin C, AA and DHA levels in broccoli flower buds.     

甘肃金鳟AFLP体系建立及应用

甘肃金鳟是我国自主培育的虹鳟新品种,为进行其种质资源研究和遗传管理,以其尾鳍为试验材料,提取基因组DNA,对影响甘肃金鳟扩增片断长度多态性(AFLP)反应体系进行优化,包括模板DNA浓度、基因组酶切时间、选择性扩增中Mg2+、预扩增产物稀释倍数及选扩性引物M+3/E+3配比等进行比较分析,建立了适于甘肃金鳟的AFLP反应体系。即：100 ng 基因组DNA,3 U EcoR I 37℃酶切3 h,再 Mse I 65℃酶切5 h;然后用1 U的T4连接酶连接12 h, 选扩25 μl PCR反应体系中Mg2+2.0 mmol/L,预扩产物稀释30倍,选扩引物M+3/E+3配比为8∶1,所得产物经电泳和银染后可获得清晰条带,效果良好;筛选出了适宜甘肃金鳟品种分析的13对选择性引物。     

Chukar Watering Patterns and Water Site Selection

We evaluated chukar (Alectoris chukar) watering patterns as well as habitat variables influencing water site selection in western Utah. Motion-sensing cameras and chukar dropping counts were primary techniques to evaluate watering patterns. We took vegetative and other habitat measurements at each water source (n = 43) to discriminate use from nonuse sites using logistic regression. Chukars watered during daylight hours with a modal hour from 1200 hours to 1300 hours daylight savings time. Annual patterns suggest limited use of water sources from November to May with first observed visits occurring in June and last observed visits in October. Shrub canopy cover was the only variable to discriminate between site types (P &spilt; 0.01). Cross validation showed a predictive success rate of 84%. Significant differences were found between use and nonuse sites in terms of security cover (P &spilt; 0.01), but not total cover (P &spigt; 0.05). Chukars seem to have a loose shrub canopy threshold near 11% that is likely due to predation risk. Water sources meeting this threshold received use, whereas those not meeting this threshold did not. Increasing shrub canopy cover above 11% did not translate into increased water source use. Managers might want to consider annual patterns when setting hunt season timing and structure as well as judging sites for new water developments based on shrub canopy cover. More generally, these results suggest a behavioral constraint on the use of water sources as a function of predation risk—we should expect other species to demonstrate similar behavioral constraints. These constraints must be considered in any effort to determine benefits or impacts of water developments.     

小鼠出生后背部毛囊发育与Lef-1表达的研究

旨在研究Lef-1在小鼠背部毛囊生长周期中的表达规律及其与毛囊生长更替的关系。本试验采用石蜡切片HE染色、Western blotting以及免疫组织化学方法,研究小鼠毛囊的周期性变化,检测Lef-1在小鼠毛囊生长的不同时期皮肤组织中的蛋白表达水平,并对其进行组织定位。结果,昆明系小鼠毛囊生长呈周期性变化,处于不同生长时期的毛囊具有各期的特殊结构;Western blotting结果显示,在各阶段皮肤组织中存在Lef-1蛋白的表达,其在毛囊生长初期的表达量显著高于中期和末期;免疫组织化学结果显示,Lef-1在不同毛囊生长时期的皮脂腺、根鞘和真皮乳头均有不同程度的表达。Lef-1的表达与毛囊的周期性变化存在相关性。     

三唑磷对斑节对虾肝胰腺和鳃的氧化胁迫效应

采用半静态毒性实验方法测定了三唑磷（Triazophos,OP）对斑节对虾（Penaeusmonodon）的96hLC卯值,同时研究了低（0．3μg·L^-1）、中（0．5μg·L^-1）、高（1μg·L^-1）浓度OP胁迫1、3、7、14d和清水恢复7d后斑节对虾肝胰腺和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）的变化趋势。结果表明：在胁迫期间SOD、GPx活性都受到了显著的诱导和抑制,呈一定的变化规律;MDA含量随胁迫时间延长显著升高。肝胰腺T—AOC在低浓度OP胁迫下呈升高-下降-升高的变化趋势,高浓度则显著下降;鳃T—AOC显著升高,而随胁迫时间延长,T—AOC显著降低。经清水恢复7d后,各浓度组肝胰腺SOD活性仍然显著低于空白组,MDA含量和T-AOC显著高于空白组。低浓度组鳃SOD、T—AOC显著高于空白组,MDA含量和中、高浓度SOD能恢复到正常水平,T—AOC则显著低于空白组。肝胰腺和鳃GPx活性变化情况相同,均为低、中浓度显著升高,高浓度显著下降。上述结果显示,0P对斑节对虾的抗氧化系统有显著的影响,且具有组织特异性,肝胰腺对OP较为敏感。斑节对虾对一定浓度OP所带来的氧化损伤具有一定的自我修复能力,但在短期内无法完全修复。     

镜鲤体重的QTL定位

本研究利用217个微卫星标记和336个SNPs标记对德国镜鲤F2代68个个体基因组DNA进行基因型检测。其中507个标记共组成62个连锁群,覆盖基因组总长度为2805．85cM,标记问平均距离为6-31cM;利用软件MapQTL4．0采用区间作图法对体重性状进行QTL定位分析。研究结果共检测到14个与体重性状有关的QTLs,分布于9个连锁群。其中BIV-5-J有最大的LOD值,为4．46;BIV—I-1的LOD值最小,为2．25。单个QTL平均解释表型变异介于14．10％～45．50％之间,其中贡献率大于20％的主效QTLs有9个。通过BLASTX与斑马鱼蛋白质序列数据库进行序列比对,找到了与斑马鱼酰基辅酶A脱氢酶蛋白、胰淀粉酶仅2蛋白、Apoebprotein和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶蛋白同源的分子标记。本研究结果对分子标记辅助育种具有重要应用价值。     

The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year investigation

We synthesize findings to date from the world’s largest and longest-running experimental study of habitat fragmentation, located in central Amazonia. Over the past 32 years, Amazonian forest fragments ranging from 1 to 100 ha have experienced a wide array of ecological changes. Edge effects have been a dominant driver of fragment dynamics, strongly affecting forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage, fauna, and other aspects of fragment ecology. However, edge-effect intensity varies markedly in space and time, and is influenced by factors such as edge age, the number of nearby edges, and the adjoining matrix of modified vegetation surrounding fragments. In our study area, the matrix has changed markedly over the course of the study (evolving from large cattle pastures to mosaics of abandoned pasture and regrowth forest) and this in turn has strongly influenced fragment dynamics and faunal persistence. Rare weather events, especially windstorms and droughts, have further altered fragment ecology. In general, populations and communities of species in fragments are hyperdynamic relative to nearby intact forest. Some edge and fragment-isolation effects have declined with a partial recovery of secondary forests around fragments, but other changes, such as altered patterns of tree recruitment, are ongoing. Fragments are highly sensitive to external vicissitudes, and even small changes in local land-management practices may drive fragmented ecosystems in markedly different directions. The effects of fragmentation are likely to interact synergistically with other anthropogenic threats such as logging, hunting, and especially fire, creating an even greater peril for the Amazonian biota.     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.     

近岸沉积物再悬浮期间所释放溶解有机物的荧光特征

为探究有色溶解有机物 (CDOM)光学性质如何示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息,实验利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果显示,①波长为355 nm的吸收系数[a(355)]范围为0.23~9.09 /m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低;海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表层、中层和底层之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。②光谱斜率(S_275~295)范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_275~295均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主;近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。③比紫外吸光度(SUVA₂₅₄)范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg·m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA₂₅₄均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大;海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA₂₅₄显著高于其他各区。研究表明,海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应,并通过海流作用向外海输送。本研究对桑沟湾海域不同养殖区域的CDOM的吸收特性和空间分布特征进行研究,可为全面了解海水养殖的碳源汇效应提供基础数据。

     

斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂过程中MAPK的表达及定位

用不同浓度的促滤泡激素(FSH)和17α,20β-双羟孕酮分别作用于斑马鱼卵母细胞。结果表明,1 IU/mL的FSH和5 ng/mL的17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞生发泡破裂都具有明显促进作用。其中17α,20β-双羟孕酮的作用效果较好,经过SDS-PDGE电泳和WesternBlot检测发现,5 ng/mL 17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞诱导后,分裂原蛋白激酶被激活,生发泡破裂的卵母细胞数目增多。免疫组化检测证实,第Ⅰ期的卵母细胞中分裂原蛋白激酶没有激活,第Ⅱ期、第Ⅲ期细胞质中分裂原蛋白激酶开始激活,第Ⅴ期卵母细胞的胞质与核区同时存在活性的分裂原蛋白激酶,并伴有生发泡破裂。以上结果说明分裂原蛋白激酶在斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂恢复过程中发挥重要作用,并且随着分裂原蛋白激酶激活,其活性部位从细胞质转移到细胞核。