干扰TP53INP2抑制牛成肌细胞分化

【背景】肌肉可以维持哺乳动物运动功能并调节机体代谢,它的数量和分布对肉质有重要影响,骨骼肌的生长发育及其遗传特性在很大程度上影响甚至决定家畜的产肉量和肉品质,研究骨骼肌的生长发育具有重要意义。TP53INP2对自噬的调控作用以及对前体脂肪细胞分化的调控机制已有研究,而对于牛成肌细胞分化的影响尚未报道。【目的】探究TP53INP2对秦川牛成肌细胞分化的影响,为肉牛肉用性状分子育种工作提供理论依据。【方法】利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术检测了TP53INP2在24月龄秦川牛不同组织中的表达特性,同时分析了其在体外培养的牛骨骼肌成肌细胞不同分化时期的表达规律;合成TP53INP2基因siRNA并转染秦川牛成肌细胞,转染后12h进行诱导分化,观察成肌细胞表型变化,并利用RT-qPCR技术和Western Blot技术分别检测其在诱导分化第四天时分化标志基因和蛋白的表达情况。【结果】1.RT-qPCR结果显示,TP53INP2在成年秦川牛背最长肌组织中表达量最高,在小肠组织中表达量最低。TP53INP2在成年牛心脏、肝脏、肾脏、网胃、瘤胃中表达量较高,在其余组织中表达量较低（与背最长肌相比）。2.随着成肌细胞的分化,该基因在第0—4天表达量呈上升趋势且在第4天达到峰值,随后表达量呈下降趋势。3.在成肌细胞中干扰TP53INP2后,试验组肌管的数量和长度均显著低于对照组。4.干扰TP53INP2并提取细胞总RNA,RT-qPCR结果显示,成肌细胞分化标志基因肌细胞生成素（MYOG）和肌球重链蛋白3（MYH3）相对于对照组表达量显著降低。5.干扰TP53INP2并提取细胞总蛋白,Western Blot结果显示,试验组MYOG、MYH3、MYOD的蛋白表达量均降低且与对照组相比差异极显著。【结论】干扰TP53INP2对牛成肌细胞的分化具有抑制作用,提示该基因可能对秦川牛肌肉组织的生长发育具有重要的调控作用,可对其进行深入的功能研究以期用于肉牛的分子育种实践中。     

土壤温度对作物根区环境及玉米根冠生长的调控研究进展

土壤温度对作物的生长发育具有很强的调控作用。在全球气候变化背景下,根区土壤温度对玉米生长的影响及其调控机制已成为当前研究的一个热点。结合目前农业生产中土壤低温和高温对玉米造成危害的现状,从土壤温度对作物根区土壤环境以及玉米根系生长、冠层发育与产量形成的影响方面,综述土壤温度对玉米生长发育调控作用的研究进展,介绍改变土壤温度的措施以及对玉米土壤温度研究的发展方向进行展望,为今后的研究提供参考。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

磷肥减量结合硫酸铵配施提高西北地区旱地春玉米磷素利用效率

  【目的】  西北旱地春玉米种植区磷肥过量施用，磷肥利用效率偏低。本研究旨在探究春玉米磷肥减施的可行性以及实现磷素高效利用的优化施肥方式，以期为该地区春玉米磷肥高效利用提供参考。  【方法】  在西北典型雨养农业区设置3年的定位田间试验，共设5个处理:对照 (CK，不施磷肥)、农户模式 (FP，磷用量P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm2，撒施)、减磷撒施 (RP，磷用量P₂O₅ 70 kg/hm2，撒施)、减磷条施 (BF，磷用量P₂O₅ 70 kg/hm2，条施)、硫酸铵模式 (SA，采用硫酸铵氮肥替代尿素氮肥，其他同减磷撒施处理)。在玉米四叶期、五叶期以及成熟期采集植物和土壤样品 (根际土和非根际土)，测定玉米根系、地上部生物量及其磷含量，土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、pH、有效磷、丛枝菌根侵染率，并采用WinRHIZO根系扫描系统测定根长、根表面积、根体积等指标。  【结果】  三年试验结果表明，RP、BF、SA处理玉米籽粒产量、生物量与FP处理无显著差异 (P > 0.05)，但磷肥偏生产力显著提高，平均增幅68.0%。RP、BF、SA处理成熟期玉米籽粒磷含量较FP处理降低7.1%～12.9%，磷累积量降低了8.8%～17.0%，其中RP和BF处理降低幅度达到显著水平，但SA处理籽粒磷含量和磷累积量与FP处理相当。与FP处理相比，RP和SA的磷肥回收利用率均有提高，其中SA处理显著提高7.2个百分点；RP、BF、SA处理均有促进春玉米苗期根系生长的趋势，其中SA处理根长、根表面积以及细根长 (直径小于0.50 mm) 分别提高13.9%～37.9%、8.6%～46.1%、12.2%～43.0%。此外，与FP处理相比，RP和SA处理提高了玉米苗期根系丛枝菌根侵染率，增幅在16.2%～21.7%；SA处理非根际土碱性酶活性有增加趋势，五叶期差异达显著水平，BF处理非根际土有效磷含量提高了18.8%～56.3%。  【结论】  在西北旱地春玉米种植区，磷肥施用量由现在的P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm2减少至70～75 kg/hm2仍可保证玉米稳产。在此基础上，用生理酸性肥料硫酸铵代替尿素可促进玉米根系生长以及丛枝菌根侵染，促进玉米对磷素的吸收利用。     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

盆栽红掌花前营养液的配方筛选

以开花前期的红掌品种“火焰”为研究材料，采用单因子随机试验，筛选适合规模化生产的开花前期红掌营养液配方。研究结果表明：氮磷钾离子浓度比为7.5:1:4.5时最适合红掌的营养生长；浓度比为5.5:1.5:4.5时红掌的营养生长稍弱，但株型结构最佳；在一定的浓度范围内微量元素铁、锌、硼对营养生长影响不显著；氮、磷、钾对红掌开花品质的影响与营养生长负相关，营养生长旺盛的配方不仅开花品质的效果很不理想，还显著降低了单花花期，说明营养生长过旺会抑制花的观赏价值，而氮磷钾离子浓度为5.5:1.5:4.5时红掌在开花品质上最佳。     

局地尺度高寒草原土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用

为研究局地尺度高寒草原土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用，本研究以青海省湟源县局地尺度高寒草原为研究对象，对不同植物多样性梯度的地上生产力、土壤理化性状和土壤真菌多样性等指标进行调查、采样和分析。通过偏回归分析（partial least squares regression，PLSR）、方差分解分析（variance partitioning analysis，VPA）、构建结构方程模型（structural equation model，SEM）等分析手段，分析了土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用。结果表明，高寒草原植物多样性与地上生产力存在显著线性正相关关系；土壤真菌多样性分别与植物多样性和地上生产力呈显著正相关关系；通过PLSR，VPA，SEM等方法控制土壤非生物因子效应后，真菌多样性与二者的显著正相关关系仍存在。综上所述，局地尺度下青海省湟源县高寒草原土壤真菌多样性是调控地上植物多样性与生产力正向关系的关键生物因子。     

Overexpression of StRbohA in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances defence responses against Verticillium dahliae

Plant NADPH oxidases are key regulators of plant–microbe interactions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential to plant defences against pathogens. A significant part in the role played by ROS has been ascribed to plant respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs). In potato (Solanum tuberosum), where RBOHs were previously shown to be involved in wound-induced oxidative burst, we assessed their expression after inoculation with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and showed that StRbohA was the only homolog to be differentially induced in potato in response to inoculation. In order to investigate the potential role of this gene in plant protection against wilt diseases, we used Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis to assess the effects of its overexpression on plant responses to V. dahliae. After inoculation with this pathogen, the transformed Arabidopsis line overexpressing StRbohA showed lower disease severity (percent damaged leaf area and vascular discoloration) as compared to the wild type. It also had higher ROS production and more cell death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), compared to the wild type. Suberization of root cells was also more pronounced in the line overexpressing StRbohA, and supports a possible role for StRBOHA in plant resistance to V. dahliae. Together, these findings indicate that overexpressed StRbohA in Arabidopsis enhances the ROS-mediated defence mechanisms against V. dahliae and can be a potential tool to improve plant resistance to this and other soilborne pathogens that cause wilts in economically important crops.