四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...     

施用不同氮肥对盐碱地湖南稷子生产性能以及养分吸收的影响

为探讨盐碱地湖南稷子(Echinochloa frumentacea)高效生产的最佳施氮种类和施氮量,采用单因素随机区组设计,通过在湖南稷子拔节期设置不施肥(CK)、尿素和硫酸铵(N1,N2)轻施肥(F1:50 kg·hm^-2)、中施肥(F2:100 kg·hm^-2)、重施肥处理(F3:150 kg·hm^-2),研究不同氮肥和施氮水平下湖南稷子田间农艺性状、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的变化,探讨盐碱地湖南稷子实现高效生产的适宜氮肥和施氮量。结果表明：与对照相比,施氮量为F2和F3时能够显著提高盐碱地湖南稷子产量及氮磷钾吸收量(P<0.05),植株不同部位氮含量上升,施氮量F3时能够显著提高氮肥利用效率(P<0.05),且同一施氮量下追施硫酸铵后湖南稷子产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用率均高于尿素。综上所述,氮肥追施量在150 kg·hm^-2时,有利于盐碱地湖南稷子的产量的提升和养分的吸收,且同一条件下追施硫酸铵较追施尿素效果显著。     

动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务相关术语混合使用情况辨析

自1994年深圳市罗湖区在环境卫生领域率先引入政府购买公共服务以来,我国政府购买公共服务经历局部性试点与探索、试点推进、制度化推广、全面推开与创新等4个阶段。2005年以来,我国对动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务进行了探索,但有关术语及其涵义一直未界定,更未形成共识,导致术语混用较为严重。术语混用体现了人们认知不同,看法不一,给动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务理论研究和实践探索造成了混乱。鉴于此,本文尝试梳理术语混用的背景、混用情况并予以辨析,以探讨动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务相关术语的正确使用。     

Effects of Bacillus amylolyticus on Rumen Dry Matter Digestibility,Fermentation Parameters and Metabolites of Dairy Cows北大核心CSCD

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Bacillus amylolyticus on rumen dry matter digestibility, fermentation parameters and metabolites of dairy cows. Experiment 1: six dairy cows with permanent fistula and had the similar parity (2 to 3 fetuses), body weight [(662 ±57) kg], lactation days [(160 ± 22) d] and milk yield [(36.1 ±3.8) kg / d], were randomly divided into 3 groups with 2 cows per group. Using 3 ×3 Latin square design, each group was extra fed 0 (control group), 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus, the trial period was 3 periods, 13 days for each period, including 10 days for the pre-trial period and 3 days for the trial period. At the beginning of the trial period, the rumen dry matter digestibility of cows was measured by nylon bag method. Experiment 2: thirty dairy cows with similar parity [(2.5 ±0.3) fetuses], initial body weight [(559.2 ± 7. 4) kg], milk yield [(35. 2 ± 1. 5) kg / d] and lactation days [(99 ± 22) d] were randomly divided into three groups with 10 cows in each group. Cows in the 3 groups were extra fed with 0 (control group), 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus, respectively. The pre-trial period was 10 days and the trial period was 42 days. The rumen fluid was collected on the last day of the trial period, and the rumen fermentation parameters and metabolites were determined. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, 1) supplementary feeding of 5 × 1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly improve the rumen dry matter digestibility of dairy cows at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h (P <0.05), supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly improve the rumen dry matter digestibility of dairy cows at 36 and 48 h (P <0.05); 2) supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly increase the contents of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, total volatile fatty acid and microbial protein in the rumen of dairy cows (P < 0. 05), supplementary feeding of 5 × 1010 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus could significantly increase the contents of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in the rumen of dairy cows and significantly reduce the rumen acetic acid / propionic acid (P < 0. 05), supplementary feeding of 5 ×109 and 5 ×1010 Bacillus amylolyticus had no effects on rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen content (P >0.05); 3) eleven metabolic pathways related to differential metabolites were detected, and ascorbic acid and alginate metabolism were significantly enriched (P < 0. 05) . In conclusion, Bacillus amylolyticus can increase the rumen dry matter digestibility, and improve the rumen fermentation function of dairy cows by affecting the content of rumen metabolites. By comprehensive analysis, supplementary feeding of 5 × 109 CFU / d Bacillus amylolyticus can achieve better effect. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Effects of Compound Plant Nutrients on Rumen Fermentation Parameters,Rumen Microbiota and Fatty Acid Composition of Longissimus dorsi Muscle in Finishing Small Tail Han Sheep北大核心CSCD

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of compound p1ant nutrients (CPN) on rumen fermentation parameters, rumen microbiota and fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi musc1e in finishing sma11 tai1 Han sheep. Sixteen 4-month-o1d finishing sma11 tai1 Han sheep with an initia1 body weight (BW) of (24.18±0.31) kg were random1y divided into two groups, name1y, with 8 rep1icates per group and 1 sheep per rep1icate. The sheep in the contro1 group were fed a basa1 diet, whereas the sheep of the contro1 group (CPN group) was fed the basa1 diet supp1ementation with 3‰ CPN. The experiment 1asted for 97 days after 7 days adaption. The resu1ts showed as fo11ows: compared with the contro1 group, 1) adding CPN decreased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (P<0.05); 2) CPN supp1ementation affected beta diversity of rumen microbiota; 3) the re1ative abundance of Acidobacteriota, Erysipe1otrichaceae_UCG-002, Lactobacillus, and Megasphaera were enhanced by adding CPN (P<0.05), whereas, the re1ative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella was 1ower (P<0.05); 4) the supp1ementation of CPN had no significant effect on fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi musc1e of fattening sma11-tai1ed Han sheep (P>0.05); 5) the contents of tota1 MUFA, C18:1n9c, C14:1, C16:1, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3 and n-3PUFA in the longissimus dorsi musc1e were corre1ated with the re1ative abundance of Megasphaera, Erysipe1otrichaceae_UCG-002, Succiniclasticum and Ruminococcus (P<0.05). In conc1usion, CPN can regu1ate the rumen microbiota structure and reduce the rumen NH3-N concentration of fattening sma11-tai1ed Han sheep. In production practice, CPN can be used as a rumen eco1ogica1 regu1ator. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.     

空肠弯曲杆菌SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

空肠弯曲杆菌（Campylobacter jejuni）是一种人兽共患病病原菌,给养殖业带来了较大经济损失。为实现对空肠弯曲杆菌的快速检测,针对其MapA基因序列设计特异性引物,优化反应条件和反应体系,建立了空肠弯曲杆菌SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性进行了评估。结果显示：建立的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性,仅能特异性扩增出空肠弯曲杆菌,对胎儿空肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌无交叉反应;敏感性较强,最低检测限为6.42 copies/μL;以5个稀释度的重组质粒为模板分别进行组内和组间重复性试验,发现组内和组间Ct值变异系数（CV）均小于2.50%,说明该方法具有良好的可重复性。结果表明,本研究建立的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR具有良好的特异性、敏感性及重复性,可用于空肠弯曲杆菌的快速诊断和流行病学调查。     

2019—2021年我国部分地区PRRSV ORF5基因遗传变异分析

为了解2019—2022年我国南方地区猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）ORF5基因遗传变异情况,自广东、广西、湖南、江西4个省份的种猪场和育肥场,采集疑似PRRSV感染样品进行RT-PCR检测,并对部分阳性样品进行病毒分离培养和ORF5基因测序。结果显示：PRRSV总检出率为26.12%,其中育肥场场检出率（86.36%）高于种猪场（52.00%）;共成功分离到97株病毒并对其进行了ORF5测序分析,发现Sublineage 1.8占比最高（51.55%）,其次为Lineage 5(15.46%),Sublineage 1.5、Lineage 8、Lineage 3占比依次为13.40%、10.31%和9.28%;类NADC34毒株在2021年有3个省份（广东、广西和湖南）被首次检出,且当年检出率达13.40%。GP5蛋白分析结果显示,分离株中第13和151位氨基酸以及中和表位变异较多。对其中1株毒株进行重组分析发现,该毒株以类NADC30毒株为主要亲本,其多处基因组与JXA1和IA2014毒株发生了重组。结果表明：我国南方地区PRRSV流行较为普遍,尤其是在育肥猪群中;流行毒...