人工草地建植对甘南高寒草甸草地生产力及土壤理化特征的影响

为明确重度退化草地经人工建植后土壤理化性质和草地初级生产力状况.以甘南州碌曲县典型退化高寒草甸为研究对象,采用70％垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)+30％黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)混播的方式,结合整地和施肥2种措施,测定其土壤理化性质和草地初级生产力变化特征,探寻适宜的人工建植方式.结果表...     

Probiotics-induced Changes in Intestinal Structure and Gut Microbiota Are Associated with Reduced Rate of Pimpled Eggs in the Late Laying Period of Hens

Production of pimpled or sandpaper-shelled eggs (SE) is a major problem in aged hens. Probiotics can improve eggshell quality; however, the relationship between SE production and gut bacteria remains unclear. Here, 1200 450-d-old Hy-line hens were assigned to four groups (300 hens each), with the control group fed basal diet and treatment groups fed basal diet plus 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. After 4 weeks, probiotics significantly decreased the SE rate from 42.51% to 28.02%. To address why probiotics reduced SE rate, the hens that only produced normal eggs (NE) or SE based on a 2-week assessment were assigned to three groups (NE, SE, and SEP groups; 10 hens each), with the NE and SE groups fed a basal diet and SEP group fed a basal diet plus 1000 mg/kg probiotics. After 4 weeks, ileal tissues from eight birds/group were collected for histomorphological and gene expression analyses, and the ileal content was collected from five birds/group for 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The data showed that probiotics significantly increased the villus length and ratio of villus length to crypt depth. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the expression of genes related to tight junctions, nutrient transport, and calcium absorption among the groups (except TRPV6, P<0.001). The 16S rDNA sequencing analysis indicated that the alpha-diversity of gut bacteria in the SEP group was the highest among the groups. The Firmicutes phylum was dominant in the NE and SEP groups, whereas the Proteobacteria phylum was dominant in the SE group. Together, these results suggest that probiotics can significantly influence the intestinal structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota, which may lead to a reduction in the SE rate in aged hens.     

Resistance to fluoroquinolones and methicillin in ophthalmic isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from companion animals

Resistance to fluoroquinolones and methicillin was determined for 49 ophthalmic isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs with and without ophthalmic disease. Resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin (40.8%), ofloxacin (38.8%), enrofloxacin (38.8%), levofloxacin (34.7%), and moxifloxacin (4.1%). Eighteen isolates, 16 of which were resistant to oxacillin, were mecA-positive. Nine of the 16 oxacillin-resistant mecA-positive S. pseudintermedius isolates were resistant to more than one fluoroquinolone and 2 isolates were resistant to 5 fluoroquinolones. The frequency of mecA gene occurrence and fluoroquinolone resistance was twice as high among S. pseudintermedius isolates derived from dogs with ophthalmic disease compared with isolates for dogs without ophthalmic disease. The high prevalence of methicillin and fluoroquinolone resistance in S. pseudintermedius from dogs with ophthalmic disease is a concern.     

Effects of conditioned media from human amniotic epithelial cells on corneal alkali injuries in rabbits

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of conditioned media (CM) from human amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) on the corneal wound healing process. Eighteen rabbits (36 eyes) were used and randomly assigned to three groups according treatment: CM from HAECs (group 1), vehicle alone (group 2), and saline (group 3). Corneal alkali injuries were induced with 1 N sodium hydroxide. Each reagent used for treatment evaluation was injected into the dorsal bulbar subconjunctiva and the area of the corneal epithelial defect was measured every other day. Two animals from each group were euthanized at a time on days 3, 7, and 15, and the cornea was removed for histological examination. The sum of the epithelial defect areas measured on day 0 to day 6 as well as day 0 to day 14 in group 1 was significantly smaller than those of other groups. Histological examination revealed that the group 1 corneas had less inflammatory cell infiltration and showed more intact epithelial features compared to the other groups. These results suggest that CM from HAECs promote corneal wound healing in rabbits.     

Detection and molecular characterization of porcine type 3 orthoreoviruses circulating in South Korea

Orthoreoviruses infect virtually all mammalian species, causing systemic infections including mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses. However, little is known about the prevalence or genetic diversity of porcine orthoreoviruses in South Korea. We examined 237 diarrheic fecal samples collected from 78 pig farms around the country. RT-PCR utilizing primers specific for the L1 gene of mammalian orthoreoviruses showed that 45 (19.0%) samples were positive. The 10 strains isolated from orthoreovirus-positive samples formed typical perinuclear cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and had an atypical hemagglutination pattern; these are characteristics of type 3 orthoreovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene in these 10 Korean and other strains showed that type 3 orthoreoviruses could be divided into four lineages; the 10 Korean strains were included in porcine lineage IV, along with T3/porcine/Sichuan/2006. Sequence analysis showed that strains in lineage IV had nucleotide identities of 97.0-98.1% and deduced amino acid identities of 96.4-98.2%. Sequence analysis of the σ1 protein, a viral attachment protein, revealed that the amino acid sequences associated with neurotropism (amino acids 198-204, 249I, 350D, and 419E) were highly conserved among the Korean strains, confirming that neural tropism was present. In conclusion, our findings suggest that porcine orthoreovirus infections are endemic in pig farms in South Korea and that the 10 novel Korean porcine orthoreoviruses belong to porcine lineage IV of type 3 orthoreovirus. In addition, sequence analysis of S1 genes encoding the σ1 protein showed that the 9 of 10 Korean porcine orthoreoviruses exhibited neural tropism.     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of pig CD81

CD81, also known as TAPA-1 (target of antiproliferative antibody 1), is a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins and a component of the B cell co-receptor complex. Several studies have shown that CD81 plays significant roles in a variety of immune responses, including activation of B cells and T cells. In this study, we cloned pig Cd81 cDNA using RT-PCR coupled with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR and determined the complete cDNA sequence of pig Cd81. Pig Cd81 cDNA contains an open reading frame (711 bp) encoding 236 amino acids. The identity of pig CD81 with those of human, cattle, rat, and mouse are 90.30%, 92.26%, 86.22%, and 86.22%, respectively. Alignment of the CD81 amino acid sequence with those of mammalian species showed that the large extracellular loop (LEL) is the most divergent, whereas other domains are largely conserved. Pig Cd81 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in a broad range of tissues, including lymphoid tissues as well as nonlymphoid tissues, indicated variety of cellular functions of CD81 in most pig tissues. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that human CD81 antibody recognizes a pig CD81 on the cell surface. Further, immunohistochemistry analysis using human CD81 antibody on pig spleen was revealed that CD81 expression is widely diffused in spleen tissue. Future study will be focused on defining the functional role of CD81 during the course of pig infectious diseases.     

苜蓿黄酮对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与抗氧化的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度苜蓿黄酮对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与抗氧化的影响。试验利用含不同浓度0 μg/mL(对照组)、25 μg/mL(试验Ⅰ)、50 μg/mL(试验Ⅱ)、75 μg/mL(试验Ⅲ)、100 μg/mL(试验Ⅳ)苜蓿黄酮的培养基进行细胞培养。结果表明,1)细胞培养第3天,各组细胞增殖无显著差异,但第5天试验Ⅱ~Ⅳ组细胞增殖能力极显著高于对照组和试验I组(P<0.01)。2)试验Ⅱ~Ⅳ组一氧化氮(NO)水平明显高于对照组与试验Ⅰ组,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著低于对照组与试验Ⅲ组,且差异极显著(P<0.01),但对照组与试验Ⅲ组差异不显著。3)试验Ⅳ组细胞内过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),而试验Ⅲ组丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著低于其他各组(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),而各处理组细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量差异不显著。4)试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组细胞p53、Caspase-3、SOCS3和STAT1基因的相对表达量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。因此,苜蓿黄酮能够促进体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,提高细胞抗氧化的能力,抑制细胞凋亡,其中添加浓度为75 μg/mL组效果最好。     

河南栽培牧草害虫调查研究

经过3年的调查研究,初步查明河南栽培牧草害虫124种,分属9目36科。其中17种为河南新记录害虫。豆科牧草田间主要害虫数量构成因牧草种类不同呈现不同的次序性,部分害虫发生存在着明显的地理特征。本文首次报导河南主要牧草田中害虫群落构成及其地理差异以及主要害虫发生概况,并对当前栽培牧草害虫防治策略提出了讨论意见。     

兔粪堆肥技术初步研究

试验旨在研究兔粪堆肥过程中的参数变化,为规模化兔场兔粪堆肥处理提供技术储备。以兔粪和稻草为原料进行室内堆肥,设置兔粪-稻草组、兔粪-稻草翻堆组和兔粪组,在为期55d的堆肥过程中,测定了各堆体温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)随时间的变化。结果表明:在堆肥过程中,各组高温期温度均能维持5 d以上,能达到了粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,兔粪-稻草翻堆组高温阶段持续时间最长;各组有机质相对含量总体呈上升趋势,堆肥结束时,有机质均稳定在35%以上;TP和TK总体呈上升趋势;高温期时大肠杆菌数均为0,但随着温度的降低,又出现了少量的大肠杆菌;种子发芽指数总体呈上升趋势,堆肥37d后均能达到腐熟标准。由此可见,生产中对兔粪进行处理,既可以单独利用兔粪进行堆肥,也可以采用兔粪和稻草按7.4∶1的比例进行混合堆肥。     

梳齿式采棉机籽棉清理装置的研制

针对现有采棉机结构复杂、维护成本高以及采收后棉花含杂率高等问题,设计了梳齿式采棉机,首次将清杂装置与采摘台同机使用,降低了籽棉的含杂率.工作时,刺钉滚筒将籽棉打松,并输送到除杂筛网表面,通过与网面的摩擦,使粒径小的杂质与籽棉脱离.随后,籽棉被抛掷到锯齿滚筒上,根据籽棉与杂质在锯齿滚筒上的反弹性能和附着力的不同,使铃壳、僵瓣在惯性离心力的作用下与籽棉分离.田间试验表明:该清理装置工作顺畅,纯小时生产率为2t/h,籽棉含杂率为16%,将籽棉送美国原装机采籽棉生产线进行试轧,综合等级达到3级,纤维长度29mm,12mm以下的短绒含量为8.3%,性能达到设计规范要求.