Biochemical properties,molecular characterizations,functions, and application perspectives of phytases

As a kind of enzyme widely existing in eukaryotic species, especially in grains and oil seeds, phytases play an important role in the degradation of some phosphates containing organic molecules. So far, phytases derived from various species have been successfully used as animal feed additives. It has also been experimentally verified that phytases have a potential use in generating crop germplasm with high phosphorus use efficiency, based on their biochemical role in releasing Pi from the phytate and its derivatives. In this paper, the biochemical properties, molecular characterizations, functions and the potential application perspective of phytases are reviewed and commented on, aiming at the further exploration of the biochemical and molecular characterizations, and promotion of the application of phytases, a kind of important enzyme possessing potential use in animal feeding and creation of high P use crop cultivars, in the future.     

Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition in a semi-arid grassland

Overgrazing increasingly affects large areas of Inner Mongolian semi-arid grasslands. Consequences for ecosystem functions and, in particular, for the decomposition as a key process of ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling are still unclear.We studied the effects of grazing on shoot and root decomposition with the litter bag method in a long-term grazing exclosure (UG79), a moderate winter grazed (WG) and a long-term heavily grazed site (HG). We separated the effects of local environmental factors and litter quality as altered by grazing. Growing seasons of average and very low precipitation allowed us to study the effect of inter annual rainfall variability on decomposition.Grazing-induced differences in environmental factors of the three studied grassland sites had no effect on decay rates of shoot and root dry mass. Also differences in litter quality among the grazing sites were not reflected by root decomposition dynamics. The accelerated shoot decay at site HG could not clearly be linked to litter quality parameters. Shoot decay rates were more or less constant, even under very dry conditions. This indicates the possibility of photodegradation (solar UV-B radiation) to control aboveground decomposition in this semi-arid ecosystem. By selecting the best predictors of root decomposition from regression analysis, we found that soil water content was the best parameter explaining the dynamics.Net N immobilization was generally not detected during the decay process of shoot and root. It is likely, when root decomposition is strongly reduced in dry periods, shoot decomposition becomes relatively more important for nutrient cycling. A separate analysis of shoot and root decay dynamics is required in order to describe C and N cycling in this semi-arid grassland. The grazing impact on C and N fluxes through decomposition of plant material likely exhibits a strong interaction with seasonal rainfall pattern.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and wheat starch respectively. The results indicated that fish fed the wheat starch and dextrin diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio compared with those fed the other diets. However, fish fed the glucose diet had a significantly lower survival and condition factor than those fed the other diets. There were significant differences in the total plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different dietary carbohydrate sources. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and leucocytes were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources, while fish fed the glucose diet showed higher G6PD, PFK and FBPase activities than those fed the other diets. These data indicated that dextrin and wheat starch were the most optimal carbohydrate sources for juvenile cobia.     

Micaps自动取图实现——基于Micaps的二次开发

主要介绍了如何通过micaps的自带程序从服务器获取原始资料并转换成micaps可识别格式,再经批处理脚本把所需资料转换成常用图片格式,定时上传到web服务器,最终通过In-ternet向外发布的全过程,并对抓图过程中micaps一些常用的配置文件进行了详细说明。     

饲喂不同种类粗饲料的辽宁绒山羊瘤胃酶活性及气体组成的研究

本研究选择9只年龄3.2±0.2岁、体重50.4±2.6kg的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年公羊为试验动物。采用随机区组设计,将动物分为3组,一次饲喂给以玉米秸、大豆秸、花生秸为主的1、2、3号试验日粮,每天8:00和16:00饲喂,全天自由饮水。试验预试期15d,试验期15d,连续7d采集瘤胃内容物和瘤胃气体,研究瘤胃发酵气体组成和瘤胃内各种酶的活性。结果表明:羧甲基纤维素酶活性范围在11.63～12.57mol/g.min,纤维二糖酶活性范围在1.97～2.39mol/g.min,木糖酶活性范围在22.75～24.84mol/g.min,总脱氢酶活性范围在4.72～5.31u/ml。其中试验1组的以上四种酶活性均高于试验2组和试验3组。瘤胃发酵的气体组成中,CH4的比例为16.70%～18.29%,CO2比例为5.67%～14.75%,O2比例为2.13%～4.17%,N2比例为61.95%～75.48%。其中试验1组CH4和CO2比例均高于试验2组和试验3组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);而试验1组氮气比例极显著(P<0.01)低于试验2组和3组。因此,饲喂玉米秸秆的瘤胃内纤维素降解酶活性高,甲烷和二氧化碳产量大,有机物质消化降解较好。     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

Web2.0在图书馆推荐书目中的应用探析

Web2.0环境下的推荐书目,有利于大学生阅读到精品,有利于调动大学生的阅读积极性,有利于培养大学生的参与意识,有利于扩大推荐书目的影响。图书馆要充分利用Web2.0技术来推荐书目,为大学生提供推荐书目服务,指导大学生阅读,满足大学生的阅读需求,提升大学生的阅读效果,为构建阅读型校园贡献自己的一份力量。     

我国农业机械能耗现状分析及节能减排技术

现代农业必须依靠机械化才能实现大面积作业和规模化生产。农业机械的高油耗、效率低严重制约了农业的机械化进程。为此,通过对目前我国农机高耗能现状的分析,并与国外农机耗能进行比较,找出农机高耗能的原因,提出相应的措施以解决农机节能减排问题。     

国内外农民相对集中居住的引导经验

研究在充分分析韩国、日本等国家以及中国的苏州、上海等地区在引导农民相对集中居住相关实践的基础上,总结了其成功的经验,概括了引导农民相对集中居住的重要前提、基本理念、核心基础、直接动力等成功经验。     

Caterpillar G3412型燃气发电机排障实践

介绍了Caterpillar G3412型燃气发电机的基本工作原理,分析了涩宁兰输气管道涩北首站该型燃气发电机拉缸的故障情况。通过更换2号缸的缸桶、活塞、气环和油环,以及高压线圈、O形圈、火花塞、水湿传感器等附件,使发电机故障得以排除,同时提出了发电机组日常运行的维护方法。