非洲猪瘟疫苗研究的困境和展望

非洲猪瘟（ASF）目前是生猪产业最重要的猪病。因为非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）本身的复杂性,以及和宿主相互作用的复杂性导致ASF已经被报道一百年了,还没有商业化疫苗。理想的ASF疫苗不仅要有好的免疫保护性,更重要的是其安全性,同时如果能区分野毒感染和疫苗接种,能在适合的高质量GMP车间进行稳定低价的生产,能用于不同物种就更好了。ASF灭活疫苗研制这条道路似乎不通;亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗的免疫保护能力不足;主要包含自然缺失、传代致弱、基因工程缺失的减毒活疫苗在免疫保护方面体现了非常大的优势,但是其潜在的持续感染风险,会造成猪只的副作用,包括皮肤溃烂、关节炎,导致神经系统、呼吸系统的损伤等问题非常值得警惕。复制缺陷单周期病毒能有效地解决减毒活疫苗的安全性问题,似乎是一个值得尝试的ASF疫苗研制方向,尽管存在难以确定缺失复制相关的基因,以及难以构建能高效表达缺失基因编码蛋白,且能让单周期病毒稳定大量生产的辅助细胞系。我国针对ASFV强毒的精准剔除策略,未注册非法弱毒苗造成临床严重损失,以及一些不使用疫苗但成功从国家层面净化ASF的案例,让我们认识到针对ASF基础研究的重要性。同时至少目前阶段,ASF的防控不一定要借助疫苗,更多的要做好生物安全管控和区域ASF净化。尽管ASF疫苗研制困难重重,但针对ASF理想型疫苗的研制也应该持续进行下去,未来可能作为ASF防控的一个突破点。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of nucleotides from late gestation to lactation on the performance and oxidative stress status of sows and their offspring

Increased metabolic burdens in breeding sows, which are induced by elevated systemic oxidative stress, could increase the need for nucleotides to repair lymphocyte DNA damage; however, de novo synthesis of nucleotides may be insufficient to cover this increased need. This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides on milk composition, oxidative stress status, and the reproductive and lactational performance of sows. Forty multiparous sows were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (Control group, and 1 g/kg Nucleotides group) based on a randomized complete block design using their BW at 85 d of gestation as a block. Sows from 2 groups were fed a restricted diet during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. The experiment lasted from 85 d of gestation to 21 d of lactation. The reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of suckling piglets were measured. Oxidative stress parameters and milk components were also analysed. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows in the Nucleotides group consumed more feed during the first week (P < 0.01) and from 1 to 21 d (P < 0.05) of lactation than those in Control group. Correspondingly, the litter weight gain of piglets showed a tendency to increase from cross-fostering to 9 d (P = 0.09) and from cross-fostering to 20 d (P = 0.10) in the Nucleotides group relative to the Control group. Additionally, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the concentrations of uridine 5''monophosphate, guanosine 5''monophosphate, inosine 5''monophosphate, adenosine 5''monophosphate and total nucleotides in milk. Furthermore, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01) for sows at 109 d of gestation and glutathione peroxidase for weaning piglets, but lower at the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P < 0.05) in serum of weaning piglets. This study indicated that maternal dietary nucleotides could promote piglet growth, probably due to the higher lactational feed intake and higher concentration of nucleotides in the milk of sows, and lower oxidative stress for both sows and piglets.     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

豫西丘陵地区果牧结合立体生态园设计的探讨

根据豫西丘陵地区生态、经济、社会条件以及目前农牧业生产中存在的突出问题，提出果牧结合立体生态园建设是该地区生态农业发展的重要途径。并在调查和初步研究基础上设计了“畜（禽）—果”、“畜（禽）—沼—果”等果牧结合模式，分析了生态园建设研究中要探讨的具体内容。     

手持式电动绿篱修剪机的研究与设计

通过对目前市场上绿篱修剪机结构和使用特点的详细分析,设计了一种用220V照明电为电源、手提砂轮机作为主机,用专门制作的切割器替换砂轮片实现快速修剪成形的手持式电动绿篱修剪机。试验表明,该修剪机有很好的实用价值和推广前景。     

明胶用量及其与卡拉胶复配对奶冻品质的影响

[目的]奶冻在储存过程中常出现失水现象,为提高奶冻贮藏中的品质和保水性。[方法]以不同时间下奶冻质构特性、持水力、感官品质指标评价奶冻品质,探究明胶添加量以及明胶-卡拉胶复配对奶冻品质的影响。[结果]随明胶添加量增大,水析率、回复性和弹性逐渐减小,硬度和咀嚼度逐渐增大,感官品质先提升后下降,明胶添加量为1.8%时奶冻品质最好;在总胶体用量为1.8%情况下,卡拉胶比例增大,水析率和弹性变化幅度小,硬度先增大后减小再增大,咀嚼度先减小后增大,回复性减小,感官品质先降低后提升最后持续降低,卡拉胶比例为7%时其奶冻品质最好。[结论]1.8%的胶体添加量下添加7%的卡拉胶与明胶复配提高了奶冻的贮藏品质,胶体复配可改善奶冻贮藏中品质下降问题。     

山东省沂南县动物强制免疫“先打后补”现状分析

2021年,沂南县推进动物疫病强制免疫“先打后补”工作,依托“鲁牧云”信息平台,通过强化组织领导,加强政策宣贯,强化人员培训,放开强免疫苗经营渠道,提供抗体检测无偿服务等措施,提升了养殖场户“先打后补”的积极性、自主性、灵活性,强化了养殖场户动物防疫主体责任,满足了养殖场户疫苗多样化需求。但由于 “先打后补”补助金额少、社会化服务不规范、基层动物防疫体系弱化、缺少配套工作经费等原因,部分养殖场户实施“先打后补”的积极性不高。建议通过规范社会化服务组织,强化培训水平,提高补助标准,强化三级（县乡村）基础设施建设,升级“鲁牧云”等措施,确保“先打后补”政策惠及更多养殖场户。     

黄瓜DNA提取及优化SSR反应体系的建立

本文简化了黄瓜DNA提取程序并探讨了黄瓜SSR反应程序及体系.反应体系25 μL:10×buffer 2.5 μL,2.5 mmol/L MgCl2 2.0 μL,2 mmol/L dNTP 2.5 μL,gDNA模板(10 ng/μL)2 μL,forward primer(10 pmol/μL)0.5 μL,reverse primer(10 pmol/μL)0.5 μL,ddH2O 14 μL,Taq DNA聚合酶(1 U/μL)1 μL.反应程序:95℃预变性5 min,94℃变性30 sec,49℃退火1 min,72℃延伸90 sec,循环次数35,72℃延伸5 min.