北方农牧交错带不同管理类型下草场治理效果研究

采用样方法选取6块草场:老封育草场(E)、中封育草场(E1)、新封育草场(E2)、天然草场(TR)、退耕还草(TG)和撂荒地(LH)对宁夏盐池不同管理类型下的的草场治理效果进行了研究.以重要值为基础,通过α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及生物量的比较,对不同管理类型下的草场治理效果进行综合评价.结果表明:(1) 不同草场类型中,天然草场由于人为干扰较小,SW多样性指数、SP优势度指数均为最好,均匀度指数以退耕还草为最大;(2) 退耕还草的群落组成最接近于天然草场;(3) 不同草场的地上生物量中,最大的为退耕还草,其次为天然草场,在围栏封育草场中,老封育区的地上生物量是最小的.围栏封育和退耕还草在当地草场恢复中都是行之有效的方式.随着围栏封育年限的延长,草场出现退化现象,其各多样性指标都比早期封育时低.相比较于围栏封育,退耕还草在当地的优越性更加明显.     

相对湿度对胡萝卜热风干燥过程中热质传递特性的影响

为了揭示胡萝卜热风干燥过程中阶段降湿的促干机制,该研究在干燥温度60℃、风速3.0 m/s条件下,研究了相对湿度(20％、30％、40％、50％)及第一阶段相对湿度50％保持不同时间(10、30、60、90 min),然后第二阶段相对湿度恒定为20％至干燥结束,干燥过程中对流传热系数、对流传质系数和物料表面微观孔隙结构...     

融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类

错综复杂的土地利用模式和破碎的地物斑块制约了土地利用/覆被分类的精度和效率。一方面,混合像元模糊了地物的光谱信息,影响了分类精度。另一方面,如何高效利用地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征是当前土地利用/覆被分类的研究热点。为了提高基于遥感技术的土地利用/覆被分类精度,该研究基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,开展融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类研究。首先,基于地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征,在3个分割尺度通过NDWI（Normalized Difference Water Index)、NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）、SBL（Soil Background Level）等8个特征参数构建了不同地物信息的提取规则。其次,利用光谱混合分解模型提取研究区基质（SL;岩石和土壤）、植被（GV;光合作用叶片）和暗色物质（DA;阴影和水）3类通用端元。最后,尝试融合3端元光谱特征优化地物信息提取规则。研究结果表明：1）基于构建的光谱、形状和纹理的地物信息提取规则,使用模糊函数、阈值法进行土地利用/覆被分类,获得了较高的分类精度,总体精度为80.83%,Kappa系数为0.76。2）融合3端元的光谱特征的提取规则将分类精度提升至90.00%,Kappa系数提升至0.88。3）具有明确物理意义的3端元的融入增强了像元内各组分信息的差异性,弥补了传统光谱指数对植被与土壤间的亮度信息解析度不足的缺陷。该方法能充分利用影像的光谱信息,是一种由易到难、对不确定因素进行逐层剥离的土地利用/覆被信息提取技术。因此,对中高分辨率的多光谱遥感影像十分友好,在土地利用/覆被的精细化分类中有较大应用潜力。     

施氮量对香料烟干物质积累及氮利用率的影响

以香料烟品种云香巴斯马一号为材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对香料烟干物质积累量、积累强度、产量、产值及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:随施氮量的增加,香料烟各器官中干物质积累量呈增加的趋势;干物质积累强度均表现为先上升后下降的趋势;各器官干物质在生长期间分配规律一致;产量、产值呈逐渐上升的趋势,增产率为80.43％～140.23％,增值率为66.90％～116.20％;氮素收获指数呈上升趋势;氮肥农艺利用率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥生理利用率呈先上升后下降的趋势;氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈下降的趋势.     

Nitrification potential of marsh soils from two natural saline–alkaline wetlands

Few studies have been carried out on nitrification potential of marsh soils in natural saline wetlands with high alkalinity. The nitrification potentials of a closed wetland and an open wetland were monitored by an aerobic incubation at 25°C for 28 days. The relative nitrification index ( RNI,\frac\textNO₃^- \text - NNO₃^- - N + NH₄⁺ - N ) \left( {{\hbox{RNI,}}\frac{{{\text{NO}}_3^{-} {\text{ - N}}}}{{{\hbox{NO}}_3^{-} {\hbox{ - N}} + {\hbox{NH}}_4^{+} {\hbox{ - N}}}}} \right) rapidly increased with time in both wetlands and decreased with depth in soil profiles in both wetlands within the first 21 days. Nitrification proceeded much faster in the closed wetland than in the open wetland. The higher rate of nitrogen removal in closed wetlands than open wetland was probably due to the fast nitrification followed by denitrification or leaching loss.     

The aqueous reduction of divalent mercury by sulfite

Divalent Hg is reduced by sulfite in aqueous solutions. The proposed mechanism involves the formation of an instable intermediate, HgSO₃, which decomposes to produce Hg⁺ which in turn is rapidly reduced to Hg⁰. The overall rate of the reaction is inversely dependent on the concentration of sulfite. This reaction may influence the concentration of Hg in cloud- and rain-water by reducing water soluble Hg²⁺ to volatile Hg⁰. At low concentrations of SO₂(g) (5 μg m⁻³, 25 °C), the rate of the conversion of Hg(SO₃)₂ ²⁻ to Hg⁰ becomes significant (> 1 % h⁻¹) at pH < 5.5. At higher S02 concentrations (500 pg m⁻³), the same rate is expected at pH < 4.5.     

黄土浅层降雨入渗规律研究

[目的]探讨黄土浅层降雨入渗规律,为研究降雨黄土滑坡机理提供理论参考。[方法]以陕西省延安市大路沟滑坡为例,在不同深度裂缝处与非裂缝处布置监测仪器,结合数值模拟手段分析入渗规律。[结果](1)研究区浅层地表通过降雨入渗补给,蒸发排泄。降雨对土体含水量的影响主要体现在土体含水量对降雨的响应时间和响应程度上,存在一定的滞后性,并且随着深度的增加滞后性越明显,蒸发排泄对土体含水量的影响表现在土体的深度和受光面积上,土体的深度越大,土体体积含水量受到蒸发作用影响越小。(2)黄土浅层土体含水量对降雨十分敏感,当降雨量3mm/d时,黄土浅层地表土体含水量基本不受降雨的影响,当3mm/d降雨量40mm/d时,土体含水量随雨水的入渗而变化,并且含水量的变化与降雨量大小成正相关。[结论]由模拟不同工况下雨水入渗过程显示,在雨水入渗过程中,浅层裂缝对降雨入渗深度影响很小,并且研究区黄土入渗深度有限。     

Effects of Monoglycerides of Varying Fatty Acid Chain Length and Mixtures Thereof on Sponge‐and‐Dough Breadmaking Quality

Monoglycerides are widely used in the baking industry because of their antistaling effects, mainly suppressing crumb firming. Commercial monoglycerides are normally prepared from hydrogenated fats, with stearate being the most common fatty acid. In a previous study, monoglycerides such as monopalmitate (C16) and monostearate (C18) had positive effects on Canadian short process bread but no improvements on sponge‐and‐dough process (SDP) bread. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of saturated monoglycerides of varying fatty acid chain length (C14–C22) on SDP breadmaking quality by using volume judgment, crumb image analysis, and texture measurements. Higher levels (1.00–1.50%) of all monoglycerides (C14, C16, and C18) significantly (P < 0.05) increased loaf volume and cell diameter. The larger cell diameter with increasing levels of these monoglycerides may have resulted from softer, more extensible dough handling properties and greater gas cell stability during baking. Addition of C16 and C18 caused the largest increase in crumb softness with increasing monoglyceride levels but showed relatively low resilience, which might be related to larger loaf volume (i.e., lower density of bread). However, addition of blended monoglycerides C14+C16 increased crumb softness and loaf volume while partially retaining resilience. Each monoglyceride had a different function in breadmaking quality and somewhat positive effects on SDP.     

水资源可持续发展中政府管制的作用分析

水资源可持续发展主要指在一定的生态环境区域内,满足生态基流量需求,保证包括人类在内的生命所依赖的水资源水量和水质服务的持续性。以陕北黄土高原为例,通过博弈特征的分析,以及静态和演化博弈说明了政府管制的必要性。进一步阐明政府管制的具体作用:确保水资源可持续发展的基流量、分配初始水权、集中配置和公平的作用等等。最后指出了政府管制的风险和应对措施。     

外源钾对三种不同土壤钾转化影响的研究

采用盆栽试验,在黄棕壤,砖红壤,黑土三种土壤上种植烟草,研究了外源钾对土壤中钾转化的影响,结果表明:在黄棕壤,黑土上,0.0-0.8 g kg-1施肥范围内,随着施钾量的增加,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的总增量、作物的含钾量均在增加,尤其是在0.8 g kg-1施肥水平时,二者超出了施肥的增加量,说明施钾促进了其它钾的释放;三种土壤中粘土矿物含量为:黑土>黄棕壤>砖红壤。