添加剂对堆肥过程中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的减排效果

为明确添加剂对堆肥挥发性有机物（Volatile organic compounds,VOCs）排放的减排效果和影响因素,通过文献筛选出吸附类添加剂（活性炭和沸石）与有机酸类添加剂（柠檬酸和草酸）开展实验研究。在鸡粪-玉米秸秆堆肥实验中,设置5个处理,分别为对照（CK）、添加活性炭、添加沸石、添加柠檬酸和添加草酸处理。研究对象包括115种VOCs、三甲胺和6种含硫有机挥发气体（二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、乙硫醚）。结果表明：在28 d的好氧发酵中,所有处理均达到50 ℃并维持7 d,满足无害化标准。检出110种VOCs、三甲胺和3种含硫有机挥发气体（二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚,二甲基三硫醚）。VOCs的排放集中在前9 d,在第3天时VOCs达到峰值。5个处理在堆肥第3天检测到的VOCs浓度范围为169.22~548.26 mg·m^-3。4种添加剂对各类VOCs均有减排效果。在第3天,活性炭、沸石、柠檬酸和草酸对烷烃类的减排效率分别为79%、26%、77%和46%,对卤烃类的减排效率分别为96%、38%、93%和97%,对芳香烃类的减排效率分别为28%、11%、24%和53%。从堆肥第6天开始只有沸石对各类VOCs有减排效果,最高减排效率为30%。针对含硫有机挥发气体减排,减排效果依次是草酸>柠檬酸>沸石>活性炭。4种添加剂对含硫有机挥发气体均有减排效果,但是对三甲胺没有减排效果。综合堆肥前9 d VOCs的减排情况,4种添加剂中沸石对各类VOCs减排效果最好。堆肥过程中添加沸石有利于VOCs和其他气体的协同减排,并且对土壤和农作物不存在风险,所以沸石在堆肥工程中有广阔的应用前景。     

Approaches to Configuration Determinations of Flexible Marine Natural Products: Advances and Prospects

Flexible marine natural products (MNPs), such as eribulin and bryostatin, play an important role in the development of modern marine drugs. However, due to the multiple chiral centers and geometrical uncertainty of flexible systems, configuration determinations of flexible MNPs face great challenges, which, in turn, have led to obstacles in druggability research. To resolve this issue, the comprehensive use of multiple methods is necessary. Additionally, configuration assignment methods, such as X-ray single-crystal diffraction (crystalline derivatives, crystallization chaperones, and crystalline sponges), NMR-based methods (JBCA and Mosher’s method), circular dichroism-based methods (ECCD and ICD), quantum computational chemistry-based methods (NMR calculations, ECD calculations, and VCD calculations), and chemical transformation-based methods should be summarized. This paper reviews the basic principles, characteristics, and applicability of the methods mentioned above as well as application examples to broaden the research and applications of these methods and to provide a reference for the configuration determinations of flexible MNPs.     

饲料分析检验过程的质量保证与控制

在饲料分析检验过程中不可避免产生系统和随机误差,从而影响分析结果的准确度。系统误差是由于检验过程中某些确定的、经常性的原因所造成的误差．它对检验结果的影响比较固定．在重复检验过程中可以重复地表现出来．系统误差产生的原因和来源主要包括仪器误差、试剂误差、测定方法误差、分析人员个人误差等。随机误差是由于一些偶然的外部因素所引起的．产生随机误差的因素不定。     

Taxonomic and Bioactivity Characterizations of Mameliella alba Strain LZ-28 Isolated from Highly Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09

Microalgae host varied microbial consortium harboring cross-kingdom interactions with fundamental ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems. Revealing the complex biofunctions of the cultivable bacteria of phycosphere microbiota is one vital basis for deeply understanding the mechanisms governing these dynamic associations. In this study, a new light-yellow pigmented bacterial strain LZ-28 was isolated from the highly-toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09. Collective phenotypic and genotypic profiles were obtained to confidently identify this strain as a new Mameliella alba member. Comparative genomic analysis showed that strain LZ-28 shared highly similar functional features with other four marine algae-derived M. alba strains in spite of their distinctive isolation sources. Based on the bioactivity assaying, the mutual growth-promoting effects between bacterial strain LZ-28 and algal strain LZT09 were observed. After the culture conditions were optimized, strain LZ-28 demonstrated an extraordinary production ability for its bioflocculanting exopolysaccharides (EPS). Moreover, the portions of two monosaccharides glucose and fucose of the EPS were found to positively contribute to the bioflocculanting capacity. Therefore, the present study sheds light on the similar genomic features among the selected M. alba strains, and it also reveals the potential pharmaceutical, environmental and biotechnological implications of active EPS produced by this new Mameliella alba strain LZ-28 recovered from toxic bloom-forming marine dinoflagellate.     

新型饲料添加剂——碱式氯化锌的合成及性质研究

以氯化锌和氧化锌为原料,合成了一种新型饲料添加剂——碱式氯化锌[Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O,TBZC]。采用正交试验法,研究了反应温度、反应时间、反应液pH值、干燥温度对TBZC合成的影响,确定了最佳合成条件:氯化锌和氧化锌摩尔比1:4、反应液pH值5.5、反应温度90℃、反应时间2.5h、干燥温度80℃、干燥时间2h,产率可达88%。借助XRD、IR、DSC确定其结构。通过对TBZC的吸水性、溶解性进行试验,结果表明,TBZC具有不吸湿、不溶于水、易溶于酸性和中性盐溶液的性质。     

30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油对水稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果与技术

对30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)的田间效果进行了试验。结果表明:使用30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果均在71.7%以上,保叶效果高达83.8%。     

基于局部综合法的非零正传动弧齿锥齿轮副设计

利用局部综合法对非零正传动弧齿锥齿轮副进行大重合度加工参数设计,克服了非零正传动由于啮合角增大而使得重合度降低的不足。通过实例与常规设计的结果进行仿真与应力分析对比,结果表明,在同样的载荷条件下,新设计比常规设计的小轮最大齿根拉伸应力减小27.6%,最大齿根压缩应力减小23.5%,最大齿面接触应力减小6.5%,同时大轮的齿根应力也有所降低,使得齿轮副具有更高的寿命和可靠性。     

基于简化脉冲耦合神经网络的蝗虫图像二值分割

采用参数简化的脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）分割图像,进行了蝗虫图像分割实验,区域正确识别率达94％,为蝗虫自动侦测系统中的数据处理提供了技术支持。计算机仿真表明,采用PCNN图像分割算法,图像中的目标（蝗虫）易于发现,分割效果明显好于采用开操作处理的图像。     

轴流式脱粒-清选装置试验台的设计

针对全喂入联合收获机田间试验费时、费工,诸多参数无法调整,数据获取困难、精度不高,可重复性较差等问题,设计了轴流式脱粒-清选室内试验台。机械系统采用可组合的模块化结构,工作部件更换和运动参数调整方便,设计了分析脱出物、清选后籽粒的空间分布的接粮箱。以PLC作为硬件控制系统的核心,采用虚拟仪器技术构建的测控软件系统,可方便实现对工作部件的转速、振幅、频率、扭矩、功率等参数进行实时采集、显示、处理与分析,为轴流式脱粒-清选装置的设计提供试验依据。