浑善达克沙地动态变化影响因素分析

通过景观的角度分析该区的动态变化影响因素可知,气温升高和降水量减少是荒 漠化景观发展的基础和背景条件,超载过牧是荒漠化景观发展的主要原因,至于其他因素如滥 砍、滥伐、滥垦、滥挖药材、搂发菜、樵采等起了推波助澜的作用。     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.     

限根对大棚栽培油桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量、叶片干重变化的影响

以一、二年生沪油018幼树为试材,分析了设施栽培条件下三种限根处理对幼树叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片干重变化的影响.结果表明(1)在设施栽培中,限根幼树秋季枝条停长后不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量,三种限根处理均表现为"升-降-升"的变化特点;相同叶位表现为处理TR2各个叶位单位面积叶绿素含量均低于CK和TR1,CK仅在第1、8叶位较TR1高,而其它叶位均低于TR1.(2)测定沪油018幼树盛花后19d～262d期间叶绿素的动态变化过程,发现不同的限根处理下Chla、总叶绿素含量与Chl(a/b)的变化均表现"降-升-降"的变化规律.不同的限根方式对Chlb的季节变化进程的影响差异显著.(3)在叶片生长发育过程中,不同限根方式比叶重的季节变化趋势差异极其显著,但总趋势基本呈上升状态.(4)叶片干重含水量%的季节变化的总趋势呈下降趋势,不同限根处理之间的变化动态差异显著.     

Electromigration profiles of Cynomorium songaricum based on capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection

A high-performance capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (CE-AD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacologically active ingredients in Cynomorium songaricum in this work. Under the optimum conditions, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, naringenin, rutin, luteolin, quercetin, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid can be well separated or nearly baseline separated (epicatechin and catechin peaks) within 31 min at the separation voltage of 14 kV in a 50 mmol L(-1) Borax running buffer (pH 9.0). Detection limits (S/N=3) ranged from 5.7 x 10(-8) to 8.5 x 10(-9) g mL(-1) for all nine analytes. This procedure was successfully used for the analysis and comparison of the content difference of C. songaricum samples collected from different places based on their electrophorograms or "electromigration profiles".     

Uptake of atrazine and cadmium from soil by maize (Zea mays L.) in association with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on the uptake of atrazine (ATR) and cadmium (Cd) from soil by maize (Zea mays L.). Mycorrhizal colonization led to an increase in the accumulation of Cd and ATR in maize roots but a decrease in the shoots. Atrazine alleviated the adverse effects of Cd on maize growth, and this was more pronounced in the inoculated plants. An increase in Cd accumulation by maize roots was observed when ATR was also present. After harvest, the residual ATR concentration in the soil decreased markedly. With mycorrhizal inoculation the amount of residual ATR decreased more in the bulk soil but less in the rhizosphere soil compared to the noninoculated controls. Cadmium application significantly decreased the ATR residual concentrations in both the rhizosphere and bulk soils irrespective of inoculation treatment.     

Improving potato storage and processing characteristics through all-native DNA transformation

The dominant potato (Solanum tuberosum) variety for French fry production in the United States is the 131-year-old Russet Burbank. Market penetration of the higher yielding and more uniform Ranger Russet variety is limited to about one-fifth of that of the Russet Burbank because of two storage deficits: black spot bruise sensitivity and high levels of cold-induced sweetening. Here, these trait weaknesses are turned into strengths by simultaneously lowering the expression of Ranger Russet's tuber-expressed polyphenol oxidase (Ppo), starch-associated R1, and phosphorylase-L (PhL) genes. This genetic modification was accomplished without inserting any foreign DNA into the plant genome. French fries from the intragenic potatoes also contained reduced amounts of the antinutritional compound acrylamide while, unexpectedly, displaying enhanced sensory characteristics.     

不同施肥方法对地膜覆盖栽培番茄生长和产量的效应

3年分别在地膜覆盖栽培番茄定植缓苗后、门果膨大期、盛花期叶面喷施3次纳米肥精600倍液、700倍液、绿丰霖2000倍液、500倍磷酸二氢钾,均能极显著比常规破膜施肥降低膜内杂草滋生和管理成本,提高覆膜效应,提高番茄株高、茎粗和产量,以叶面喷施纳米肥精600倍液和绿丰霖2000倍液较明显,生产上应积极推广.     

Development of a polyprobe for the simultaneous detection of four grapevine viroids in grapevine plants

This study aimed to develop a polyprobe for the simultaneous detection of four viroids that infect grapevine: Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd), Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 and 2 (GYSVd-1, 2), using a non-isotopic dot blot hybridization technique. A polyprobe was constructed by cloning tandem full-length sequences of HSVd, AGVd and GYSVd-1 into a single vector. The cRNA polyprobe detected all four viroids with similar sensitivity to that obtained using individual probes. In addition, samples of 78 varieties from Beijing and Xinjiang were analyzed using the polyprobe to survey the incidence of grapevine viroids in China. The result demonstrated that grapevine viroids were detected in 56 (71.8%) varieties. In this study, a rapid, reliable and cost-effective approach to the simultaneous detection of four grapevine viroids has been developed which has the potential for routine use in quarantine and certification programs.     

农药生态风险分级标准研究

本文详细介绍了美国、欧盟、欧洲和地中海植物保护组织农药生态风险分级标准的制订背景、发展过程、现行标准及与风险分级标准密切相关的风险商值的计算方法,并对不同国家和组织已制定的农药生态风险分级标准进行了比较分析,旨在为我国制订农药生态风险评价制度,进一步提高农药管理水平提供有益借鉴。     

不同杀菌剂对稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的影响

稻粒黑粉病(Rice kernel smut)是一种真菌病害。在离体条件下,采用孢子萌发测定法,测定了嘧菌酯、灭菌唑、拌种灵、多菌灵、咪酰胺和二硫氰基甲烷抑制稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的最低抑制浓度(MIC);同时研究了药剂浸种处理对稻种的安全性以及浸种处理效果。结果表明,嘧菌酯和二硫氰基甲烷对稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的抑制活性较高,MIC为0.4μg/mL,多菌灵的抑制活性次之,MIC为0.8μg/mL,其他3种药剂的抑制活性不高,MIC均大于1.6μg/mL。种子安全性试验表明,嘧菌酯在2.0、4.0、8.0μg/mL和多菌灵在4.0、8.0、16.0μg/mL处理3d和7d后,稻种的萌芽率与对照相比无显著性差异;而二硫氰基甲烷在4.0和8.0μg/mL处理下,所选稻种的萌芽率显著低于对照,说明该药剂在浸种处理后会影响所选稻种的萌芽,但其在低剂量处理下对稻种的萌芽率影响较小。关于稻粒黑粉病浸种处理的合适农药剂型仍需要进一步研究。