柑桔无病虫栽培试验初报

柑桔类的严重病虫主要由苗木带入新区,造成危害。因而培育不带有这些病虫的苗木(简称无病虫苗木),在隔离地点建立果园并采取防疫措施,殊为预防新果区发生此类病虫危害的根本办法。(林孔湘1975) 1974年春,我们开始采用热水消毒种子和采用洗刷接穗芽条并用蒸汽和药剂消毒接穗芽条的方法,在隔离地点培育各种柑桔类的无病虫实生苗和嫁接苗。1976年第一批无病虫苗木出圃,栽植在各地。在隔离和防疫条件不同的情况下,这些新果园发生的病虫危害有明显差异。隔离及防疫条件较好的果园,一年之后检查,除潜叶蛾外,没有发现任何其他病虫。而与有病虫的柑桔树接近的或虽有隔离而不注意防疫的果园,很快或不久便受到各种病虫侵害。试验结果表明,用无病虫苗木在隔离地点建立果园,并采用严格防疫措施,可长期不发生严重病虫的危害,既可保证不会发生黄龙病和斑黄病等类似病毒病的危害,又可节省喷药防病虫的费用。这是在国内外尚未见报道的一项技术革新。     

Dietary supplementation with Acanthopanax senticosus extract enhances gut health in weanling piglets

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) as a dietary additive on gut health in weanling piglets by examining diarrhea frequency, intestinal microbiota and morphology. A total of 96 Duroc× (Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets weaned at 21 days of age with an average initial body weight (BW) of 5.6 ± 0.4 kg were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups with 4 duplicates of 8 piglets each. The piglets were fed basal diet to which had been added 0 or 1 g/kg of ASE, or 0.7 g/kg antibiotics, respectively. Fecal consistence was monitored twice daily and the frequency of diarrhea was calculated. On day 21 after the initiation of supplementation, 8 piglets were randomly selected from each treatment group (2 piglets per pen) and slaughtered. The jejunum, ileum, colon and cecum were then excised and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution to determine villus height and crypt depth, after their contents were collected to determine microbiota. The results showed that dietary supplementation with ASE increased (P < 0.05) the density of bacterial populations that co-migrated with Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium lituseburens, but decreased (P < 0.05) those co-migrating with Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Ruminococcus forques, and E. coli O157:H7 in the PCR-DGGE profiling analysis when compared with the control group. The villus height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased (P < 0.05) by 14.8, 13.7 and 10.0%, while the crypt depth decreased (P < 0.05) by 17.9, 9.1 and 12.1%, respectively, in response to dietary ASE supplementation. Additionally dietary supplementation with ASE or an antibiotic decreased (P < 0.05) the frequency of diarrhea by 55.6 and 52.2%, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that dietary supplementation with ASE could regulate the microbiota composition and maintain a normal morphology of gut mucosa in weanling piglets, thereby decreasing diarrhea that resulted from weaning stress.     

氮肥去向的研究--Ⅰ.稻田土壤中氮肥的去向

氮肥施入土壤后的去向,直接关系到作物增产和环境保护,是农业和环境科学研究中的基本资料。对氮肥去向的研究,以在田间条件下进行的意义比较大。因此,1978-1980年,我们在华东地区三种不同土壤上,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪的方法,分别测定了施用于水稻和小麦的几种常用氮肥的去向,并以尿素为重点,研究了施肥方法、施肥时期、土壤水分状况以及硝化抑制剂等对氮肥去向的影响。所得结果将分别整理。本文是稻田试验方面的初步总结。     

致谢审稿专家

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Pingtung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 oC in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT90) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

基于FCM及HSV模型的方格蔟黄斑茧检测与剔除技术

桑蚕业缫丝前需要对蚕茧进行检测分类,剔除黄斑茧等下茧对于提高缫丝质量非常关键。我国蚕虫上蔟多用纸板方格蔟,方格蔟在使用过程由于挤压、受潮等原因极易变形,另外,营茧方格蔟一般覆盖一层茧衣,使自动检测方格蔟蚕茧质量并准确剔除黄斑茧等下茧极其困难。采用基于模糊C均值聚类(FCM)及HSV模型的黄斑茧检测算法,在采茧过程中直接对蚕茧进行图像分割和黄斑茧检测,使用基于机器视觉的直角坐标式自动采茧机对黄斑茧进行定位剔除试验。首先对方格蔟正面原始图像使用FCM分割,消除蚕茧茧衣及方格蔟边框,得到蚕茧二值图像;对FCM分割后的蚕茧二值图像与方格蔟原始图像进行掩膜,实现对方格蔟内单个蚕茧的提取;对提取到的单个蚕茧,根据HSV空间累积颜色直方图的黄斑颜色H分量的比例是否达到黄斑茧的定义阈值,逐个进行黄斑茧判断;然后,对检测到的黄斑茧,保存其连通域中心坐标作为其图像位置坐标,经过视觉测量确定蚕茧在笛卡尔空间中的世界坐标。使用基于机器视觉的直角坐标式方格蔟自动采茧机,对方格蔟黄斑茧进行定位剔除试验,该算法对方格蔟内黄斑茧的平均检测正确率为81.2%,黄斑茧坐标最大定位偏差为3.0 mm,对单张方格蔟图像进行分割和黄斑茧检测的平均时长为1.271 s,对茧衣附有桑叶梗或碎桑叶的蚕茧没有误检测,但对黄斑位于边缘处的蚕茧检测效果不好。     

泵站正向进水前池底坎整流机理数值模拟

为研究正向进水前池存在的不良流态,基于N-S方程和Realizable k-ε紊流模型,采用SIMPLE算法,数值模拟了正向进水前池中无任何措施和增设底坎整流措施的流态.CFD计算结果表明：原方案的前池两侧出现了大面积的回流区,泵站两侧机组进水条件差,水流偏斜较为明显;加底坎,且当底坎离进水池较远时,整流效果并不明显,前池内仍有大面积的回流产生,偏流依然严重;当底坎离进水池较近时,坎后旋涡直接影响到进水池的流态;通过CFD优化,底坎设在离进水池入口（7~10）D处,能明显改善前池的流态,水流能较均匀地流入各台机组;随着底坎坎高的增大,底层回流区会逐渐变小,较大回流区发生的位置也由坎后变为坎前,坎高的取值约为0.3H＇时,前池内流态较好;底坎的顶宽尺寸对前池流态的影响较小.CFD计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,研究成果对正向扩散前池流态改善有借鉴价值和实际意义.     

树干直径自动识别与测量技术研究

在森林资源调查中为实现树干直径快速、精确测量,使用电子元件进行了树干影像自动识别与测量。通过摄像头和CMOS传感器获得图像,经灰度转换后,使用窗口大小为5行5列的高斯滤波器,利用Canny边缘检测算法提取边缘,包括平滑、非极大值剔除、双阈值的边缘连接等,在提取的边缘图像基础上,设计了树木直径自动提取算法。以4列的窗口为模板,自上而下,对经过Canny算法后的图像进行竖直线段的提取。在提取所有竖线后,将最大宽度的2条竖线当作树干轮廓线,通过焦距、物距、像距与像素宽度之间的关系计算出树干直径。最后选择了不同树种共计16棵树木进行了验证,实验结果表明树干直径识别的精度为96.9%,绝大部分测量数据符合森林资源调查要求。     

秦岭南坡森林抚育对锐齿栎林光合特性的影响

【目的】研究不同抚育强度对锐齿栎林光合特性的影响,为秦岭南坡锐齿栎林的森林抚育间伐提供理论依据。【方法】在秦岭南坡火地塘林区锐齿栎林内设置13块样地进行间伐,其中抚育强度5%,10%,15%,20%的样地各3块,对照样地1块,测定不同间伐强度样地内的环境因子及锐齿栎的光合生理生态因子,并进行方差分析、回归分析和相关分析。【结果】抚育后的林内环境因子和光合生理生态因子都发生了变化,抚育强度15%,20%的林内光强(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、大气CO2浓度(Ca)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)有极显著或显著提高,而相对湿度(RH)极显著或显著降低,气孔导度(Gs)在抚育强度15%的林内极显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)经抚育后显著降低,但在不同抚育强度间无明显差异;通过光合光响应曲线拟合可知,抚育强度15%和20%的林内最大净光合速率(Pmax)较高;通过假设检验可知,Pn与环境因子PAR、Ta、Ca、RH在α=0.01的水平上存在显著的回归关系;Pn与PAR、Ta呈极显著正相关,而与Gs、Ci呈极显著负相关;抚育后林内的光合同化量有所提高,其中抚育强度15%的林内光合同化量最高。【结论】秦岭南坡锐齿栎林的抚育强度设置在15%为宜。     

芸薹属栽培种ALS1-3的克隆及序列分析

【目的】揭示6种芸薹属植物乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)基因的结构特征,为ALS酶的遗传操作和抗除草剂种质创制奠定基础。【方法】利用特异PCR方法,对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)、甘蓝(B.oleracea)、芥菜型油菜(B.juncea)、白菜型油菜(B.rapa)、埃塞俄比亚芥(B.carinata)、黑芥(B.nigra)等6个芸薹属16份材料的ALS基因进行扩增、克隆测序及生物信息学分析。【结果】除1个B.nigra材料未扩增出任何产物外,其余参试材料中均有PCR扩增产物,共成功克隆了30个ALS基因(GenBank登录号为KM816807~KM816836),且克隆的基因ALS1、ALS2、ALS3均不含内含子,只有一个开放阅读框。ALS1基因开放阅读框长为1 968bp,编码655个氨基酸;ALS2基因开放阅读框长为1 914bp,编码637个氨基酸;ALS3基因开放阅读框长为1 959bp,编码652个氨基酸。参试材料中,在ALS1基因中检测到7个SNP,其中4个导致氨基酸突变;在ALS2基因中检测到3个SNP,其中2个导致氨基酸突变;在ALS3基因中检测到25个SNP,其中2个导致氨基酸突变。在3类ALS蛋白中,ALS1和ALS3遗传距离较近,与ALS2的遗传距离相对较远。ALS1基因定位于C01染色体上,ALS2和ALS3基因定位于A01染色体上。【结论】参试的6个芸薹属不同材料间ALS1、ALS2、ALS3基因序列及其编码的蛋白序列均存在差异。     

水杨酸对食品中常见污染细菌的抑制作用研究

以不同浓度的水杨酸溶液分别对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌进行处理,探讨不同浓度水杨酸溶液对这三种细菌的抑菌效果以及抑菌率。结果表明：水杨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌具有明显的抑制作用;而且其抑制作用呈现浓度效应,即随着水杨酸浓度的增大,抑菌效果越来越明显,水杨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用稍差,对大肠杆菌的抑制作用相对最弱。