Nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for the detection of the N-methylcarbamate pesticide carbofuran

Nanocolloidal gold particles were prepared and labeled to an anti-carbofuran monoclonal antibody (Mab). This conjugate was dispensed on the conjugated pad of a porous glass fiber. Ovalbumin (OVA)-carbofuran and goat anti-mouse IgG were dispensed on the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane and served as the test line and control line, respectively. The carbofuran-containing sample migrated to the NC membrane and reacted with the anti-carbofuran Mab labeled with the colloidal gold. The mixture diffused along the membrane and passed through the OVA-carbofuran in the test line via capillary action. The more analyte present in the sample, the more effectively it will compete with the carbofuran immobilized on the test line for binding to the limited amount of antibody labeled with colloidal gold. An adequate amount of carbofuran could prevent attachment of the colored conjugate to the test line. The presence or absence of a colored band on the test line could indicate a negative or positive result, respectively. When measured to the water sample spiked with carbofuran, this was obtained at or above 0.25 mg/L of carbofuran. The major advantages of the one-step strip test are that the detection time needed was <10 min and all of the reagents are included in the test device.     

淮河安徽段水环境污染现状与防治对策

淮河是中国七大水系中污染最严重的河流之一，水污染使水资源紧张状况更为严峻，制约了区域经济的可持续发展。近年来，淮河干流水质有所好转，尤其是高污染河段的状况改善明显，但淮河的治理任务仍然艰巨。本文着重从流域的角度分析了淮河安徽段水环境污染现状、淮河水环境污染的主要因素和原因，最后从产业结构优化、水资源重复利用、污水处理厂建设以及推行清洁生产等方面，探讨了应对淮河水环境污染的主要措施。     

近红外光谱分析法测定菜籽油中芥酸的含量

采用多通道PDA型近红外光谱仪，应用偏最小二乘法建立了菜籽油中芥酸含量与近红外透射光谱的校正模型，讨论多项式求导及平滑的窗口宽度和相关系数法筛选有效波长对校正模型的影响，并对10个预测集样品利用预测相关系数R_p和预测均方根误差RMSEP指标进行了预测精度分析，结果发现：在使用全谱数据进行偏最小二乘回归建模时，一阶7点求导及平滑的预处理方法结果最佳，此时建模效果为：R_p=0.739，RMSEP=1.659；在此基础上通过相关系数法筛选波长后的建模效果为：R_p=0.958，RMSEP=0.963。后者R_p提高29%，RMSEP减少42%。由此可得出多项式求导及平滑法和相关系数法相结合对校正模型稳健性，预测精度都有较大提高的结论。研究证明：多通道近红外光谱仪快速测测菜籽油中芥酸含量的方法是可行的。     

Testing the Aluminium Toxicity Hypothesis: A Field Manipulation Experiment in Mature Spruce Forest in Norway

Aluminium (Al) has been considered to be a central element for risk evaluation of forest damage due to acidification. It has been hypothesized that Al reduces root growth, nutrient uptake and forest vitality. However, forest monitoring studies fail to show correlations between soil acidification and forest health. In general, no direct relation between Al concentration and forest health has been established. Here, Al concentrations in soil solution were manipulated by weekly additions of dilute AlCl₃ to levels that are believed to be unfavorable for plant growth. Four treatments (in triplicate), including a reference and three Al addition levels, were established. Effects of enhanced Al concentrations on fine root growth, nutrient uptake and crown condition in a mature Norway spruce forest in Norway were tested (1996–1999). After three years of manipulation, crown condition, tree growth and fine root growth were not affected by potentially toxic Al concentrations. However, the Mg content in current year's needles decreased at the highest Al addition treatment. The Mg/Al ratio of fine roots of the same treatment had declined too, which suggests that Al blocked Mg uptake at the root surface. The manipulation will be continued for two more years.     

水稻花药培养技术及其育种应用的研究进展

从材料基因型、取材时期与预处理、培养基种类、激素配比、碳源和其他添加剂等方面综述了水稻花药培养技术的研究进展.大多研究表明,花培是稳定水稻亚种间籼粳杂交后代遗传性状的有效方法,但目前花培的株产率仍很低,在4％以下,且籼稻的株产率显著低于粳稻,主要原因是籼稻的基因亲和力低及其花药褐化和幼苗白化现象严重.同时,从改善培养条件(取材时期、预处理、培养基、激素、添加剂等)、建立花药离体培养体系、结合转基因和分子标记技术等方面提出了加快花药育种进程的建议.     

国内变性淀粉专利技术的文献学分析

变性淀粉比原淀粉具有更广泛的用途和更多的应用领域。为了解国内变性淀粉专利技术的现状,以"中国专利数据库(知网版)"为数据源,运用文献计量学方法,对1986—2014年有关变性淀粉的专利进行统计分析。结果表明:变性淀粉专利技术入库时间是1986年;企业是申请变性淀粉专利技术最多的单位;变性淀粉应用最多的学科领域是化学和有机化工。     

元谋干热河谷变性土收缩变形对其裂缝发育及土体强度的影响

元谋干热河谷区变性土的裂缝发育对沟蚀崩塌和植被恢复影响显著。通过室内对变性土收缩变形和裂缝发育的测定及干湿循环下的直剪试验,研究了变性土收缩变形对裂缝发育及土体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,变性土失水导致土体收缩变形,收缩特征曲线呈显著的三直线模型。变性土的收缩变形与土壤中黏粒和黏土矿物含量密切相关。变性土收缩变形不均导致裂缝的出现,随着含水量的逐渐降低,裂缝条数(N)逐渐减少,裂缝面密度(A)逐渐增加。土体裂缝的发育与基质吸力的大小密切相关,当基质吸力1000 k Pa时,裂缝面密度显著增加。裂缝条数和面密度与土壤含水量分别呈较好的指数函数和Sigmoidal函数关系(RN2=0.968,PN=0.0004;RA2=0.963,PA=0.01)。裂隙发育,导致变性土黏聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ)随干湿交替的进行呈不断减小的趋势,但内摩擦角下降速度明显低于黏聚力。黏聚力和内摩擦角与循环次数呈较好的反比例函数关系(Rc2=0.979,Pc=0.0002;Rφ2=0.807,Pφ=0.015)。该研究可为进一步研究土壤开裂导致的沟蚀崩塌提供理论基础。     

淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠高吸水树脂的电子束法制备及结构表征

本文将电子束辐照技术和功能材料制备技术相结合,采用10 Me V电子束辐照法引发糊化的木薯淀粉与部分中和的丙烯酸单体进行接枝共聚反应,并采用N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备出一种淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠系高吸水树脂,并通过红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术对木薯淀粉和共聚产物的官能团结构和表面形态进行验证。采用正交试验设计方法分析单体/淀粉比、辐照剂量、交联剂/单体比以及单体中和度对该反应接枝参数以及吸水性能的影响,4种因素的变化均可引起共聚产物的吸水能力变化,影响显著性次序为:单体中和度单体/淀粉比交联剂/单体比辐照剂量。获得最佳吸水性能的反应条件为:AA/St=3.5 g·g-1,MBA/AA=5 mmol·mol-1,辐照剂量D=6k Gy,中和度为70%,上述条件下获得共聚产物的吸水倍数为435 g·g-1。本文为采用电子束法制备高吸水材料提供了科学依据与技术支持。     

长期施肥红壤钾有效性研究

【目的】长期不同施肥可改变土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量及土壤pH进而影响土壤钾素有效性。本研究利用始于1990年的祁阳旱地红壤长期定位试验,研究不同施肥条件下土壤钾素有效性的变化情况,为指导合理施肥提高土壤肥力提供依据。【方法】选择不施肥(CK)、施氮磷化肥(NP)、施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理。采用生物耗竭方法,以玉米苗为供试作物,在施用氮磷肥不施钾肥的条件下连续种植5次,测定每次种植20 d后玉米钾素含量及土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量。【结果】1)土壤速效钾含量随耗竭种植次数的增加而逐渐降低。22年不同施肥土壤速效钾含量存在差异耗竭种植后土壤速效钾含量的变化表现为:CK处理在第二次种植后土壤速效钾含量降至"最低值",NP处理在5次耗竭种植后土壤速效钾含量接近"最低值"。5次耗竭种植后CK和NP处理土壤速效钾含量分别降低了45.2和41.7 mg/kg,降低幅度分别为65.9%和60.4%;NPK和NPKM处理分别降低了171.0和390.3 mg/kg,降低幅度为73.4%和81.3%。2)22年后不同施肥处理土壤缓效钾含量高低顺序为NPKMNPKNPCK,5次耗竭种植后土壤缓效钾含量顺序未发生变化。5次耗竭种植后CK和NP处理土壤缓效钾含量分别降低了54.0和77.0 mg/kg,降低幅度分别为46.0%和53.8%;NPK和NPKM处理分别降低了41.0和55.0 mg/kg,降低幅度分别为27.2%和22.5%。3)玉米钾素带出总量的大小顺序为NPKMNPKCKNP NPKM处理玉米钾素带出总量是NPK处理的3.1倍,NPK处理是NP处理的1.9倍。4)采用Elovich方程对土壤钾素供应能力进行模拟得出土壤供钾能力的大小顺序与实际顺序一致从方程决定系数和标准误差角度判断一级动力学方程对CK和NPKM处理的拟合效果较好,Elovich方程对NP和NPK处理的拟合结果较好。5)土壤速效钾(X_1)、缓效钾(X_2)、全钾(X_3)含量和土壤pH(X_4)与玉米钾素带出量(y)的多元回归方程为y-=-438.90+0.33X_1+0.22X_2+22.14X-3+18.44X_4(R~2=0.995),xl(土壤速效钾含量)与y达到显著正相关水平-(P0.05);逐步回归方程为y=-107.36+0.38X_1+25.16X_4(R~2=-0.985,X_1(土壤速效钾含量),X4(土壤pH)分别与y达到极显著(P0.01)和显著(P0.05)正相关水平。【结论】基于耗竭种植条件下玉米钾素带出量,旱地红壤长期不同施肥后氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理的土壤钾素有效性高于氮磷钾化肥(NPK)处理,不施肥(CK)和施氮磷肥(NP)处理。土壤钾素供应能力及累积供应量的大小顺序表现为NPKMNPKCKNP。旱地红壤速效钾含量和土壤pH与玉米钾素累积带出量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。