药隔期低温对小麦生长发育的影响

选用6个冬小麦品种为材料,采用人工气候室盆栽和药隔期低温胁迫的方法,研究药隔期低温对冬小麦生长发育和穗部结实率的影响。结果显示,药隔期-2℃低温胁迫24 h和48 h对小麦的生长状态、结实率及千粒重均有不同程度的影响,低温胁迫24 h大部分品种结实率降低不明显,胁迫48 h降低幅度明显增大,表明-2℃低温胁迫时间越长,小麦受害越重。根据结实率的变化判定,6个品种的耐倒春寒能力表现为济麦22、临麦4号﹥烟农19﹥鲁原502、济南17和周麦18。     

规模化养殖场畜禽粪中磷的化学形态与稳定化

为了解规模化养殖场畜禽粪便中磷的化学形态,寻求畜禽粪便中磷的稳定化途径,采集浙江省代表性规模化养殖场畜禽粪便样92个,采用改进的Hedley磷分级方法鉴定磷的化学形态;通过添加明矾、碳酸钙、石膏、粉煤灰及土壤物质,研究不同添加物对畜禽粪便中磷的稳定效果.结果表明:规模化养殖场畜禽粪便样品具有高磷、高无机磷比例及高生物有效性的特点,全磷质量分数在18.70~54.30 g/kg之间,平均为30.50 g/kg;可提取态无机磷占全磷的比例平均达70.08%;水溶性磷、Na HCO3-P和HCl-P占全磷的比例平均分别达20.03%、29.59%和22.93%,而Na OH-P和残余态磷占全磷的比例分别只有14.64%和12.81%.培养试验表明:各类稳定剂均对畜禽粪便中的磷有稳定效果,并随添加物用量的增加而增加;稳定效果为明矾粉煤灰碳酸钙土壤物质石膏.建议畜禽粪的施用量应基于其磷素水平确定,并适当添加稳定剂增加磷的稳定性.     

Avian predation on wild and cultured sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus intermedius</Emphasis> in a rocky shore habitat

ABSTRACT:   The present study reports the annual variation in consumption of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius by avian predators on a rocky shore where the culture of sea urchins has been conducted. Carrion crow and a few gull species were the most abundant avian predators and consumed a large number of sea urchins. Crows consumed mostly natural sea urchins, approximately 36 kg ww/ha per year on the intertidal rocky bench, but the gull species consumed mostly cultured sea urchins, approximately 100 kg ww/ha per year in the culture area. The seasonal variation in the amount of sea urchins consumed by crows was higher than that by the gull species, presumably because of the difference in foraging behavior in association with the seasonal tidal cycle. The natural sea urchins consumed are an allochthonous input from the subtidal to the intertidal habitat, and thus, crow predation may not affect the natural and the cultured populations of the sea urchin. The gull species consumed much of the cultured sea urchin, and thus, may be regarded as an effective predator causing damage to sea urchin culture. The results suggest that further studies are needed to determine why the gull species selectively feed on cultured sea urchins.     

The role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem

We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem, and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish guild system.     

The dynamics of bacterial community in a polyculture aquaculture system of Penaeus chinensis,Rhopilema esculenta and Sinonovacula constricta

Polyculture with Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis, jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (S.J.R) is a common aquaculture system in Dandong, China. Investigation on the composition and function of microbial communities and their relationship with environmental factors in aquaculture systems have crucial implications. Therefore, the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was applied to profile the bacterial community composition of water and sediment in S.J.R polyculture system in the present study. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in S.J.R polyculture ponds following with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in water; in contrast, more diverse phyla were detected in sediments. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were determined the bacterial community composition in the S.J.R polyculture systems. Specially, Planktomarina, PS1 clade, Candidatus Aquiluna and Fibrobacteres, which can resist the phytoplankton blooms or degrade the cellulose, were more abundant in water at the early stage of cultivation in the S.J.R polyculture system. Moreover, the functions of bacterial communities in water were mainly associated with cell communication mediated, while the functions related to basal metabolism were enriched in sediments. The findings of this study allowed us to better understand the bacterial community in the S.J.R polyculture system and accumulated data for the improvement of cultural management.     

油菜专用肥应用效果试验初探

测土配方施肥技术是一项技术性强,要求高而又面广量大的工作,如何能把这项技术做到测土到田、配方到厂、供肥到村、指导到户,一直是难以解决的问题。尽管通过测土可向农民提供配方,由农民自己购单质肥料进行混配,但却费工费力,受肥料供应条件的限制,难以大面积推广。但通过专用肥这一物化载体能够将测土配方施肥技术真正做到技物结合,能较好地解决上述难题,从而大大加速了配方施肥技术的推广应用。     

温室移动机器人避障功能研究

为了实现移动机器人在温室内的避障,应用虚拟力场法建市了避障模型,描述了目标点的虚拟引力和障碍物的虚拟斥力之间的关系及其功能设计,实现了从机器人运动班杯值到控制量的转变。结果证明,机器人在多变的周边环境中能够实现避障的功能。     

CO2气调防治储粮害虫试验仓的研制与应用

通过CO2气调防治储粮害虫试验仓的研制及应用试验,提出了试验仓在试验中应考虑的因素及解决的方法,例如,试验仓的密封问题、充气与补气的问题、测试装置的布置与参数的采集、虫笼的放取与虫情的检查等。试验仓的试验结果为,杀虫的最佳温度是(25±3)℃,CO2达到25%~35%,杀虫的持续时间为10d以上,从而为实际应用CO2防治储粮害虫提供了可靠的依据。分析了在农村建造小型钢板仓的可行性,为全面推广CO2气调防治储粮害虫技术奠定了基础。     

改革我国农业技术推广体系的基本思路

农业技术推广体系的建设必须适应社会主义市场经济体制要求,建立一个分工明确、竞争有序的多层次、多元化的农业技术推广体系;确定市、县、乡各级农技推广的重点与分工,明确政府的项目推广与市场推广的相互关系;明确以聘用制为核心的人事管理机制,以承包制为核心的激励机制,以项目带动为核心的科技推广机制,以报酬与绩效相结合的分配机制。在建设过程中,还应找准四个结合点,即公益型和经营型技术推广相结合,无偿服务与有偿经营相结合,生产技术指导与市场营销相结合,集中示范与推广普及相结合。     

坝竹和小篷竹景观效果及实生苗培育

实地调查了黔北坝竹和黔南小蓬竹天然林景观效果,并进行了引种及实生苗培育试验。结果表明：2个竹种在喀斯特石山地沿岩壁下垂如帘,形态飘逸,颇为美观。坝竹实生苗人工培育1年时,每株苗分蘖11个左右,苗高50 cm左右,培育15个月时苗高74 cm左右;小蓬竹实生苗人工培育1年时,每株苗分蘖7个左右,苗高72 cm左右,培育15个月时苗高77 cm左右。研究结果可为坝竹和小篷竹的边坡绿化及盆栽观赏提供参考。