灌水量对小麦籽粒粉含量和相关酶活性及水分利用效率的影响

在2004-2005年和2005-2006年小麦生长季,设置不同的灌水时期和灌水量处理,研究了小麦籽粒产量、籽粒淀粉含量、淀粉合成相关酶活性和水分利用效率。结果表明,全生育期不灌水条件下,籽粒中的可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和淀粉粒结合态淀粉合酶(GBSS)活性在灌浆初期显著升高,在灌浆中后期显著降低,同时灌浆后期支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量亦显著降低。拔节期和开花期每次灌水60 mm有利于小麦在灌浆中后期保持较高的SSS和GBSS活性,提高灌浆后期籽粒中的支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量;灌水量进一步增加时,灌浆中后期的SSS活性显著降低,GBSS活性升高,灌浆后期的支链淀粉含量降低,直链淀粉含量升高。在两个生长季中拔节期和开花期每次灌水60 mm处理的土壤贮水消耗量较高,水分利用效率最高和籽粒产量较高。在此基础上增加灌水量时,开花至成熟阶段0~60 cm土层的土壤含水量显著升高,土壤贮水消耗量降低,籽粒产量无显著变化,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率降低。     

Cloning and pharmaceutical analysis of CaMK gene of Botrytis cinerea

Using a PCR homology approach, DNA and cDNA sequences of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) gene of Botrytis cinerea were obtained. Southern blotting result displayed that CaMK was single copy in the genome of B. cinerea. The cDNA sequence of CaMK revealed an open reading frame of 2190 nucleotides encoding a 730 amino acid protein with predicted molecular weight of 81.8748 kDa. The genomic sequence of CaMK revealed the same ORF interrupted by six introns. Bioinformatics analysis showed that this protein had the distinctive features that characterize CaMK ATP binding region signature and serine/threonine protein kinase active-site signature. Pharmaceutical analysis displayed that the CaMK specific inhibitor, KN-62, could inhibit conidial germination, pathogenicity and herbicidal activity of B. cinerea BC4 strain. It was suggested that CaMK played an important role in regulating conidial germination, pathogenicity and herbicidal activity of B. cinerea.     

Application of Two-Level Full Factorial Design for the Extraction of Fucoxanthin and Antioxidant Activities from Sargassum siliquosum and Sargassum polycystum

Two-level full factorial design was employed to identify the extraction parameters that can improve the derivation of fucoxanthin content (FC), total carotenoid content (TCC), and antioxidant from two brown seaweeds, Sargassum siliquosum (SS) and Sargassum polycystum (SP). These parameters included temperature (A: 4–45°C), time (B: 30–1,440 min), and solvent-to-solid ratio (C: 10–50 ml/g). Antioxidant activities were determined as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results showed that all three factors were significant (p < 0.05) in providing higher FC in both species. These factors were also significant in obtaining higher TCC in SS; whereas in SP, TCC was only affected by solvent-to-solid ratio. Only temperature was found to contribute significantly to a higher TEAC in both species. However, none of the factors improved DPPH for SS, except temperature and time for SP. For SS, only time was significant in obtaining higher FRAP; whereas temperature and time were significant for SP. Hence, results indicate that a simple modification in the extraction temperature, time, and solvent-to-solid ratio will be able to improve the derivation of fucoxanthin, carotenoids, and antioxidant activities.     

鹅观草不同居群条锈病和白粉病抗性评价

鉴定不同居群鹅观草种质对条锈病和白粉病的抗性,为牧草及麦类作物抗病基因的选取和抗病品种选育提供遗传资源基础。本研究采用田间接种法对来自国内外的34份鹅观草种质资源(野生资源33份,品种1份)进行了成株期抗病性鉴定和评价。结果表明,种质资源抗病能力存在多样性。34份鹅观草条锈病的严重度、病叶率和病情指数的变异范围分别为11.49%~50.46%,19.85%~74.24%和2.63~37.60,变异系数分别为30.01%,26.54%和49.67%;反应型和发生程度的变异范围分别为1~4和轻发生(1级)至大发生(5级);各病害指标之间均为极显著正相关(P<0.01)。以上5个指标综合聚类分析表明:34份材料中,6份高抗(HR,占17.65%)、4份中抗(MR,占11.76%)、17份中感(MS,占50.00%)和7份高感(HS,占20.59%)。34份鹅观草白粉病的反应型、严重度和植株感病率的变异范围分别为0~4,0~60.00%和0~100%;34份材料聚类分析得知:12份高抗(HR,占35.29%)、5份中抗(MR,占14.71%)、11份中感(MS,占32.35%)和6份高感(HS,占17.65%)。对条锈病和白粉病均具有较好抗性的材料有ZY 1007和Pr 87-88 344,可作为育种材料进一步深入研究。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗WSSV选育家系的建立及其抗病特性

2002-2007年在人工感染白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的基础上进行一代个体选育（G1）后,对凡纳滨对虾连续进行了4代家系选育,共建立120个抗WSSV家系,感染实验结果表明：G2~G5选育家系对虾平均成活率分别为5.57%±9.83%, 8.66%±11.52%, 9.52%±8.84% 和 13.79%±12.86%;G2~ G5选育家系对虾平均成活率的变异系数分别为1.77、1.40、0.97和0.87。根据每个家系对虾的成活情况可分为敏感、中等抗性和高抗性家系,G2至G5敏感家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年下降,分别占76.5%、55.2%、51.4%和33.3%,抗病成活率分别为0.44%±1.09%、0.78%±1.70%、2.27%±2.76%和2.44%±3.09%,感染WSSV后2~3 d出现1个急性死亡高峰;中等抗病家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升,分别占0、20.7%、31.1%和38.5%,抗病成活率分别为0、9.08%±1.46%、10.7%±1.41%和11.36%±3.30%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰值大于第2高峰;高抗家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升（G4除外）,分别占23.5%、24.1%、17.1%和28.2%,抗病成活率分别为22.23%±5.21%、22.7%±12.30%、24.45%±6.56%和28.98%±8.09%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰至小于第2高峰。经连续的定向选育,选育对虾抗病性状一代比一代强,表现出明显的抗病性能,特别是高抗对虾不仅死亡率低且其死亡高峰推迟2～3d,延缓了对虾WSSV暴发的时间,但是每代每尾对虾平均产卵量逐年下降（P<0.05）。     

施氮水平对甜高粱硝酸盐含量和氮素利用特性的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,分别于2009和2010年在华东农区生态条件下进行田间试验,研究不同施氮水平(0,100,200,300,400,500kg N/hm2)对大力士甜高粱硝酸盐积累,粗蛋白含量和氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进,植株地上部硝酸盐含量不断降低,相比于叶片,茎秆更有利于硝酸盐的积累。随着施氮水平的提高,粗蛋白生产效率(CPPE),氮素干物质生产效率(NDMPE),干物质生产效率(DMPE)和表观回收率(NARR)逐渐下降,说明施氮量越高,氮素利用越低,损失越大。粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)和游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,但FAA的增幅低于CP,施氮量为500kg N/hm2时,CP的平均增幅为6.11%,FAA的平均增幅为2.99%,说明施氮虽然增加了植株CP含量,但优质蛋白质比例下降。施氮提高了甜高粱硝酸盐含量,施氮量大于400kg N/hm2时,甜高粱硝酸盐含量大于0.2%,青饲时易导致家畜硝酸盐中毒。综合考虑,大力士甜高粱在华东农区较为适宜的施氮量为200~300kg N/hm2,既可满足对甜高粱高产优质的需求,提高氮素的利用效率,又可减少氮素流失和对土壤及地下水的污染。     

生物工程应用于作物育种的试验研究 第4报 外源DNA处理水稻遗传变异的初步研究

以外源牛胰 DNA 培养处理水稻萌动种子,研究 D_1、D_2和 D_3植株的形态特征和生理特性的遗传变异。结果表明,外源 DNA 处理所引起的变异类型多、幅度大、频率高,但与外源 DNA 浓度之间没有明显相关.外源 DNA 处理对改良现有推广品种的某一不良性状较为有利,同时在变异后代中可获得优良的或特殊的变异类型.     

The effects of dietary fermented wheat bran polysaccharides on mucosal and serum immune parameters,hepatopancreas antioxidant indicators,and immune-related gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

Aquaculture research has focused on polysaccharides as they are among the most promising new-generation immunostimulant used to control aquatic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBPs) on juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Carps were fed different FWBP amounts (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) for 8 weeks and then their skin mucus and serum immune parameters, hepatopancreas antioxidant indicators, and immune-related gene expression in the intestines, kidneys, and spleen were measured. The skin mucus IgM levels significantly increased in 0.1% FWBP group, but decreased in 0.4% FWBP group. The skin mucus protease and the serum alkaline phosphatase activities increased significantly in the 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.4% FWBP groups, respectively. The serum total Ig levels increased noticeably in the 0.1% and 0.2% FWBP groups. The highest and lowest serum lysozyme activities were observed in the 0.1% and 0.4% FWBP groups, respectively. The hepatopancreatic total superoxide dismutase activity was higher in the 0.1% FWBP group than in the control. The malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly in the 0.2% and 0.4% groups. The intestinal mRNA levels of the LZM-C and IL-10 genes were significantly higher in the 0.2% than in the 0.4% FWBP group; TNF-α was significantly upregulated in the 0.1% group. The gene expression in the kidneys did not differ significantly among the treatments, except for a significant increase in the IL-10 expression in the 0.1% treatment. Significantly elevated expression of LZM-C in 0.2% group and IL-10 in 0.1% group was observed in the spleens. TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly downregulated in the 0.4% group. These results suggest that FWBPs could be used as immunostimulant feed additives in common carp cultures.

     

南美白对虾养殖技术之四获取健康南美白对虾种苗的技术措施

近几年,笔者从事南美白对虾人工育苗工作,对SPF(无特定病毒)种苗生产和健康种苗培育技术进行探索,从南美白对虾养殖情况来看,SPF种苗具备生长优势,但抗逆性不足,仅适应封闭式池塘养殖,而在一般的池塘中养殖则死亡率比普通的南美白对虾种苗高,所以,筛选本土的优质亲虾来繁育健康的南美白对虾种苗,在现有的养殖条件下更具有推广价值.对于南美白对虾健康种苗生产技术,笔者认为有以下几点要素可供同行参考.     

小反刍兽疫的流行、诊断与防控

小反刍兽疫是一种传染性极强的病毒性疾病,主要影响家养以及野生的小反刍动物。该病的主要特征是发热、口腔炎、结膜炎、肠胃炎和肺炎。小反刍兽疫也是世界动物卫生组织（0IE）规定必须上报的法定疾病之一。文章对该病的流行、传播方式、诊断方法以及防控措施进行了综述。