Parental effects on the performance of cultivated × wild species hybrids in potato

Valuable genetic diversity in diploid wild Solanum species can be accessed through crosses to haploids (2n = 2×) of the tetraploid cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. Haploid-wild species hybrids segregate for the ability to tuberize in the field. In addition, they vary in male fertility, vine size, stolon length, and tuber size. In this study, three haploids were crossed with nine diploid wild Solanum species and 27 hybrid families were evaluated in the field for two years. The proportion of male fertile hybrid clones varied depending on the wild species parent. A large effect of the female parent was detected for vine size, stolon length, tuber size, percent tuberization, and percent plants selected for agronomic quality. An exceptional haploid (US-W4) was identified for the production of agronomically desirable haploid-wild species hybrids. In hybrids derived from US-W4, differences among wild species parents were observed for agronomic quality. Superior hybrids were produced by S. berthaultii and S. microdontum. Reciprocal crosses were evaluated for a subset of families. When the wild species was used as the female parent, male fertility was restored, but tuberization and tuber size were reduced. Careful selection of both haploid and wild species parents can result in a large proportion of fertile, agronomically desirable hybrid offspring.     

Development of simple PCR-based markers linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ms</Emphasis> locus,a restorer-of-fertility gene in onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium cepa</Emphasis> L.)

In order to implement reliable marker-assisted selection systems for the restorer-of-fertility locus (Ms) in onions (Allium cepa L.), simple PCR-based codominant markers linked to the Ms locus were developed. Based on the EST probe sequences of previously reported RFLP markers, full-length genomic sequences of the gene encoding putative oligopeptide transporter (OPT) was obtained by RACE. The first intron contained two 108 and 439-bp indel polymorphisms between the two Ms allele-linked OPT alleles. A simple PCR marker for OPT was developed by designing a primer pair on the flanking regions of the 108-bp indel which is created by two tandem repeats. The second simple PCR marker was developed from the EST probe encoding photosystem I subunit O (PsaO). Two 14 and 39-bp tandem repeats were identified from the 5′ upstream sequences of the PsaO-coding gene, which were isolated by genome walking. Three different compositions of these tandem repeats were identified from diverse onion germplasm. A primer set binding to the flanking sequence of these polymorphic repeats was used to amplify three different marker haplotypes. The OPT marker was tightly linked to the Ms locus at a distance of 1.5 cM, but the analysis of the linkage relationship showed little linkage disequilibrium between the marker and the Ms locus. Even so, these simple PCR markers are valuable tools for the marker-assisted selection of segregating individuals in onion F₁ hybrid breeding programs.     

高产、耐寒杂交水稻新组合Ⅱ优406的特征特性及其生产技术

杂稻组合Ⅱ优406是贵州省水稻研究所用自育的耐寒恢复系G406与不育系Ⅱ-32 A配组育成的,于2009年通过贵州省农作物品种审定委员会审定的高产、耐寒杂交水稻新组合。1产量Ⅱ优406于2006年参加贵州省中稻晚熟组的预备试验,4个试点平均产量621.1 kg/667 m2,比对照Ⅱ     

Regional phenotypic diversity of Puccinia triticina and wheat host resistance in western Europe, 1995

Pathogenicity data from surveys of Puccinia triticina (formerly P. recondita f. sp. tritici) conducted in western Europe in 1995 were analysed to compare the structure of regional populations of the pathogen. Many of the populations differed in phenotypic diversity and pathotypic composition, even though they occurred within a single epidemiological unit, suggesting that local factors may influence the establishment and propagation of individual pathotypes in the regional populations. Neighbouring regions were more similar than distant regions, and all regions shared at least one pathotype, except populations in northern Italy and Scotland. A high degree of similarity was found between populations in northern France and Great Britain, providing strong evidence of free movement of inoculum between these regions. Resistance genes were postulated for a selection of 91 wheat cultivars, representing those most commonly grown in western Europe in 1995. Thirteen cultivars lacked detectable seedling resistance genes and the remaining 78 possessed from one to three resistance genes; those detected were Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17b, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr37. The most commonly detected resistance gene was Lr13, which was present singly or in combination with other resistance genes in 48 cultivars (53%). The gene Lr14a was detected in 18 cultivars, Lr26 was present in 16 cultivars. The role of host selection in the composition of the regional populations of P. triticina in western Europe in 1995 was difficult to assess on the basis of the results obtained, since virulence data were not available for Lr13 and Lr14a. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冬小麦杂种F_1及其亲本光合特性的研究初报

研究了 10个冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.)杂交组合的子一代 (F1)及其亲本的光合特性。结果表明 ,在这 10个杂交组合中 ,虽然只各有 4个杂交组合的 F1的 PS 总的光化学量子产额 (Yield)和光化学荧光猝灭系数 (q P)有超亲现象 ,但绝大多数组合的 F1光合功能都与母本十分相近 ,正反交组合的结果进一步证明这种相关性。可见 ,母系遗传对于 F1光合功能的优劣有着十分重要的作用。根据所得的实验结果 ,认为在配置冬小麦杂交组合时 ,选择具有优良光合功能的品种作母本 ,可为进一步筛选光合功能好的稳定品种创造条件 ,是加速小麦育种进程的重要途径之一     

不同品种芥菜子叶气孔动态变化与熟期之间的关系

对芥菜早、中熟和晚熟3个熟期品种子叶上、下表皮的气孔密度和气孔指数进行了研究.结果表明:芥菜子叶上、下表皮的表皮细胞为不规则型,垂周壁由浅波状渐变为深波状,气孔类型为无规则型.子叶上、下表皮气孔密度随芥菜发育而逐渐减小.早熟品种的子叶上、下表皮气孔密度显著大于中熟和晚熟;早熟品种上表皮的气孔指数显著大于中、晚熟.因此,芥菜子叶上、下表皮气孔密度和上表皮气孔指数可以作为一个鉴定熟期的指标.     

农户防鼠密闭储粮袋

筛选出了防鼠效果良好的微胶囊化的放线菌酮及其最佳使用浓度，并用其制出了用维纶聚氯乙烯双面涂塑为材料的具有良好防鼠性能、防潮、密封性好，便于防治害虫、重量轻、容量大、成本低的农户储粮袋。     

离体培养植物细胞的表面与农杆菌介导基因转化频率的研究

以玉米、黑麦、烟草为材料 ,对细胞表面进行了扫描电镜观察 ,研究了离体培养植物细胞的细胞壁外表面的结构及其变化与农杆菌介导转化频率之间的关系。正常继代培养的烟草细胞 ,其细胞壁外表面光滑 ,大部分细胞在扫描电镜下坍陷或皱折 ;经处理用于农杆菌介导转化的烟草细胞 ,其表面有很多颗粒状突起和纤丝状物或纤丝状网 ;光滑的表面很少见到菌 ,而粗糙表面则有很多菌。玉米和黑麦愈伤组织中 ,浅黄色、疏松易散的胚性细胞团 ,其表面细胞有很多未坍陷 ,相当一部分未坍陷细胞的细胞壁外表面与烟草细胞一样 ,具有很多较小的颗粒状突起和纤丝状物或纤丝状网 ;白色松软的愈伤组织 ,其外层细胞大多坍陷或呈柱状 ,未坍陷细胞的表面光滑 ,有些似有一层膜状物。对植物细胞壁上的农杆菌结合位点和基因转化频率进行了讨论     

不同耕作方式对农田环境及冬小麦生产的影响

为明确不同耕作方式对农田环境及小麦生产的影响,通过田间定位试验,研究了5种耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤物理特性、杂草、小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,小麦拔节期以前,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著提高表层土壤含水量,覆盖秸秆处理可显著降低土壤温度;小麦拔节后,作物覆盖度增加,处理间土壤含水量、温度差异减小。与旋耕（RT）相比,小麦收获后,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著增加0~5 cm表土层容重、降低15~20 cm土层容重,可显著降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度、株高及鲜重,显著增加荠菜的发生密度、株高及鲜重,旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）对荠菜的影响不显著,可降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度,但有使其单株平均株高、鲜重增加的趋势。与RT相比,免耕覆盖秸秆3000 kg/hm2（NTS3000）、免耕不覆盖秸秆（NT）区小麦产量分别增加13.0%、8.3%,RTS、免耕覆盖秸秆6000 kg/hm2（NTS6000）区小麦产量分别降低9.1%和17.4%。NTS3000处理区农田环境有利于作物的生长发育,是较适合黄淮海地区的冬小麦保护性耕作方式。     

重庆市玉米杂交育种的思考

概述了重庆市自直辖以来玉米杂交育种取得重大进展的主要经验与体会:人才培养与材料创制是基础;项目支持与条件建设是保障;合适的育种目标和策略是方向;开展配套技术研究与新品种示范是措施;加速成果转化是事业继续发展的动力。