Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.     

光周期对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响

[目的]研究了光周期对扬州地区烟粉虱实验种群的影响。[方法]采自扬州郊区茄科蔬菜上的烟粉虱为供试虫源,选用扬州生产上常用的茄子品种扬茄一号为供试寄主,设置9个光周期处理研究了光周期对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响。[结果]光周期对烟粉虱种群增长影响显著。光照时间在0～21h,光照时间越长,烟粉虱的生长发育就越快,则世代历期就越短。世代发育速率表现为21L:3D>24L:0D>18L:6D>15L:9D>12L:12D>9L:15D>6L:18D>3L:21D>0L:24D。在24h光照条件下,种群增长指数最高,达109.80;光照时间在18h以上,6h以下,烟粉虱的发育历期显著增加;随着光周期的延长,烟粉虱子代性比、产卵量均呈线性回归。[结论]光周期的长短对烟粉虱种群增长、子代性比、成虫每雌的产卵量的影响很显著。     

Improved Prediction and Reduction of Sampling Density for Soil Salinity by Different Geostatistical Methods

The spatial estimation for soil properties was improved and sampling intensities also decreased in terms of incorporated auxiliary data. In this study, kriging and two interpolation methods were proven well to estimate auxiliary variables： cokriging and regression-kriging, and using the salinity data from the first two stages as auxiliary variables, the methods both improved the interpolation of soil salinity in coastal saline land. The prediction accuracy of the three methods was observed under different sampling density of the target variable by comparison with another group of 80 validation sample points, from which the root-mean-square error （RMSE） and correlation coefficient （r） between the predicted and measured values were calculated. The results showed, with the help of auxiliary data, whatever the sample size of the target variable may be, cokriging and regression-kriging performed better than ordinary kriging. Moreover, regression-kriging produced on average more accurate predictions than cokriging. Compared with the kriging results, cokriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 23.3 to 29% and increasing r from 16.6 to 25.5%, regression-kriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 25 to 41.5% and increasing r from 16.8 to 27.2%. Therefore, regression-kriging shows promise for improved prediction for soil salinity and reduction of soil sampling intensity considerably while maintaining high prediction accuracy. Moreover, in regression-kriging, the regression model can have any form, such as generalized linear models, non-linear models or tree-based models, which provide a possibility to include more ancillary variables.     

烟草蚀纹病毒对玉米矮花叶病防治效果的研究

为了研究烟草蚀纹病毒(Tobaccoetch virus,TEV)对玉米矮花叶病(病原为甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV))的预防效果,在防虫网室内,采用人工摩擦接种病毒的方法进行生物学试验,并用RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR技术对预防效果进行了检测。结果表明,经过TEV保护接种后再接种SCMV的植株长势明显优于只接种SCMV的植株,其叶长、叶宽和株高的差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);在只接种SCMV全部发病10 d后,有13.8%经保护接种的植株叶片开始轻微褪绿,极大地延迟了花叶症状的发生;攻击接种50 d后,经TEV保护接种后再接种SCMV的玉米植株,体内SCMV CP基因表达量为只接种SCMV玉米的0.113 4倍。说明,SCMV能够有效地减轻玉米矮花叶病的发生及危害。     

铜席夫碱配合物中性载体水杨酸根离子电极的研究

报道了以Cu（Ⅱ）配合物为中性载体的PVC膜电极对水杨酸根（Sal^-）具有优良的电位响应性能和选择性并呈现出反Hofmeister选择性行为,其选择性从大到小次序为Sal^-,ClO^- 4,SCN^-,I^-,NO^- 2,Cl^-,F^-,Br^-,H2PO^- 4．在pH=4．0的磷酸盐缓冲体系中,电极电位呈现近能斯特响应,线性响应范围为3．0×10^-6～1．0×10^-1mol／L Sal^-,斜率为-58．7mY／dec（20℃）,检测下限为1．5×10^-6mol／L．采用交流阻抗技术研究了电极的响应机理,结果表明,配合物中心金属原子的结构以及载体本身的结构与电极的响应行为之间有非常密切的构效关系．电极可用于药品分析．     

中国野生柑橘上衰退病毒分离株分子特征分析

 【目的】了解中国野生柑橘上携带柑橘衰退病毒（CTV）分离株的CP/HinfⅠRFLP组群构成和分子特征。【方法】运用RT-PCR对采自中国云南、广西、四川、湖南、江西等省11个野生柑橘上CTV分离株的病毒衣壳蛋白基因(CPG)进行扩增，利用RFLP和SSCP对CPG进行分析，并将测定的CPG序列进行同源性比较和聚类分析。【结果】发现野生柑橘上11个CTV分离株以单一组群感染为主；这些CTV分离株CPG的核苷酸序列和相应的氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.5％～99.5％和95.0％～100％；与GenBank收录的9个全基因组CTV分离株的相应基因序列进行聚类分析，其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.1％～98.8％和94.6％～100％。【结论】序列同源性比较说明CTV CPG具有高度保守性，同时系统进化分析表明收集到的野生CTV分离株与国外分离株分属5大类群，具有较复杂的亲缘关系。     

拟南芥中一个与ABA信号途径相关未知蛋白质的研究初报

利用酵母双杂交系统在拟南芥cDNA文库中筛选出1个与ABI2有相互作用的未知蛋白质（AC）。在酵母系统中的进一步研究表明，AC与ABI1、ABI2有相互作用，其作用依赖于ABI1、ABI2的PP2C活性。在大肠杆菌中表达和纯化了与预测结果一致的AC蛋白质。构建了真核过量表达载体，转化拟南芥后筛选和鉴定出转基因AC植株。转基因植株的生理性状分析表明，AC基因的过量表达降低了植物对ABA敏感性。研究初步证明AC可能是脱落酸信号传导途径中的1个新信号分子。     

土壤铅污染对蚯蚓体腔细胞溶酶体的毒性效应

以蚯蚓溶酶体膜的稳定性作为亚细胞水平的生物标志物,研究土壤铅污染的毒性效应。将赤子爱胜蚓（Eiseniafetida）暴露于不同浓度乙酸铅染毒的人工土壤,染毒浓度为60、120、480、2400mg·kg^-1,测定蚯蚓体腔细胞溶酶体的中性红保留时间（NRRT）。结果表明,染毒6d后,480mg·kg^-1及2400mg·kg^-1剂量组,NRRT显著下降,抑制率分别为63.06%、68.61%;60mg·kg^-1及120mg·kg^-1剂量组,溶酶体膜稳定性变化不大。染毒14d后,各染毒组NRRT显著低于对照组,抑制率分别为49.43%、56.29%、68.57%、77.14%。将赤子爱胜蚓暴露于沈阳市青年公园、劳动公园、友谊宾馆、冶炼厂原址的现场土壤样品中,随着蚯蚓与土壤接触时间的增加,中性红保留时间逐渐降低,14d后各采样点蚯蚓的中性红保留时间关系为冶炼厂原址〈青年公园〈劳动公园〈友谊宾馆,与土壤铅含量的大小变化相吻合,其中冶炼厂原址差异最为显著,NRRT抑制率为92.55%,表明土壤重金属铅污染对土壤生态系统存在潜在的毒害。     

数值模拟方法在双洞式溢洪道体型优化中的应用

采用可行化k-ε湍流模型、VOF法界面跟踪技术及分区结构非结构网格区域离散方法,对甘肃九甸峡水电站双洞式溢洪道引水渠和溢流段的三维自由面流动进行了数值模拟,并以改善进口不良流态、消除堰顶较大负压,平衡两洞间的流量分配作为目标,对其体型进行了优化研究。结果表明,原设计方案过堰流动水面严重扭曲,且存在明显的负压,体型设计不合理;优化方案获得了理想的进水口与溢流堰曲线形式。所有计算结果与实测值吻合良好,说明数值模拟技术可以在岸边溢洪道的水力设计和体型优化中发挥重要作用。     

组合芽孢杆菌抑菌物质特性及其抑菌效果研究

对组合拮抗芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp. CL-8抑菌物质的理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,主要抑菌物质为蛋白质类,热稳定性好,在40~70℃处理30 min后仍保持较高的抑菌活性;活性pH范围在4~10;能耐受乙醇、甲醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙腈、石油醚、氯仿多种有机溶剂,且稳定性好;紫外线照射不影响其抑菌活性;对蛋白酶K作用不敏感;粗蛋白能有效抑制Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici、Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn、Phytophthora capsici、Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、Acidovorax avenaesub sp. citrulli和Alternaria solani Sor-auer等病原菌;组合Bacillus sp. CL-8产生的挥发性物质对立枯丝核菌也有一定的抑制作用。