A comparison of aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol production between Canadian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium graminearum</Emphasis> isolates with 3-acetyl and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotypes in field-grown spring wheat

Twenty four isolates of Fusarium graminearum, half of which were 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and half 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotypes, were tested for their ability to produce deoxynivalenol and to cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) in spring wheat cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether 3-ADON isolates differ in aggressiveness, as measured by the FHB index, and DON production from 15-ADON isolates under field conditions, and (2) whether the performance of resistant host cultivars was stable across isolates. Field tests of all isolates were conducted with three replicates at each of two locations in Canada and Germany in 2008 with three host genotypes differing in FHB resistance level. The resistant host genotype showed resistance regardless of the chemotype or location. The differences between mean FHB indices of 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates were not significant for any wheat genotype. In contrast, average DON production by the 3-ADON isolates (10.44 mg kg⁻¹) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for the 15-ADON isolates (6.95 mg kg⁻¹) at three of the four locations where moderately resistant lines were tested, and at both locations where susceptible lines were evaluated. These results indicate that 3-ADON isolates could pose a greater risk to food safety. However, as the mean aggressiveness and DON production of 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes was similar on highly resistant lines, breeding and use of highly resistant lines is still the most effective measure of reducing the risks associated with DON in wheat.     

广西芒果日灼病受害情况调查及防治措施

为了掌握2012年广西南宁和百色地区芒果日灼病的发生受害情况,于4月29日、5月2日、5月8-11日和5月15-18日在南宁市、百色市右江区、田林县、田东县和西林县选择有代表性的果园,调查不同芒果品种幼果日灼病的受害率.调查结果表明:(1)南宁地区未发现果实受日灼病危害;右江河谷地区日灼病发生较为普遍,田东县、田林县、西林县、右江区和广西农垦国有阳圩农场的芒果日灼病受害率分别为22.2％ 、20.3％、22.8％、19.6％和20.4％.(2)不同品种受害率不同.‘台农1号芒,受害率最低,为12.0％;‘红贵妃’、‘桂热芒82号’和‘桂热芒71号’受害率较高,分别达到31.3％、29,6％和27.5％.针对春末夏初芒果幼果易遭高温日灼的问题,提出了果园灌水、生草、播种绿肥等降低日灼病发生的预防措施.     

农机作业EZ-Guide 250光靶导航系统应用

介绍了EZ-Guide 250光靶导航系统的组成、工作原理及使用操作,重点阐述了该系统的几种导航模式,即AB线导航、A＋线导航、地头导航、曲线导航、轴心导航和自由导航,同时总结了其在现代农业中的应用。     

唑草·苯磺隆24%可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效试验

田间试验表明唑草·苯磺隆24%可湿性粉剂28.8～43.2g/hm2能有效防除小麦田一年生阔叶杂草,药后45d,对猪殃殃、泽漆、麦家公、播娘蒿的株防效在90.5%～94.2%,鲜重防效在92.1%～96.4%。在推荐剂量下,对小麦生长安全。     

根际微生物多样性与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性的关系研究 II.不同抗性品种根际真菌区系分析及其对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用

对棉花抗黄萎病品种（春矮早和８６－ ６）和感病品种（中棉１７和豫棉１２）的根际真菌区系进行了分析。结果表明每个品种都有自己独特的根际微生物区系,抗病品种根际微生物种数多于感病品种,区系组成更为复杂。抗病品种根际真菌优势种主要是漆斑菌 （Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）、曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ）和青霉（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ）等,感病品种则多为头孢霉（Ｃｅｐ ｈａｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ）、镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ）、矛束孢（Ｄｏｒａｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）和漆斑菌（Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）等。采用平板对峙培养法测定了不同抗性棉花品种根际真菌区系各成员对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用,发现抗病品种根际真菌区系中对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的真菌种数和比率都高于感病品种,而且抗病品种根际真菌的优势种对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用较强。这种差异在苗期和现蕾期更为明显,花铃期则显著减小。研究结果表明棉花品种对棉花黄萎病的抗性与根际真菌区系组成及其对黄萎病菌的抑制能力有一定关系。     

Hydraulic Retention Time Influence on Improving Flocculation in the Activated Sludge Processes Through Polyelectrolytes

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) influence improving sludge flocculation with adding the polyelectrolytes (non-ionic, anionic, and cationic) was studied on an activated sludge (AS) system fed with synthetic domestic wastewater (SDW), dairy industry wastewater (DIW), and caramel industry wastewater (CIW). The sludge volumetric index, food/microorganism ratio (F/M), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids at different HRTs (6, 8 and 10 h) were monitored on an experimental model. Results showed that both SDW and IW had the best sludge flocculation conditions at 8 h and 100 mL of non-ionic polyelectrolyte (0.2 mg L^?1). In addition, this phenomenon reached the organic matter removal efficiencies of 95.9, 95.7, and 94.2% for SDW, DIW, and CIW, respectively. Therefore, optimum HRT increased the organic matter removal efficiencies by 10%, sludge concentration by 37% (22–55%), and F/M ratio by 70%. Moreover, the polyelectrolytes used in AS improved the sludge flocculation by 2.9 times.     

Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.     

早熟丝瓜新品种攀杂丝瓜3号的选育

攀杂丝瓜3号新品种是以S8-6为母本,S3-1为父本育成的杂交一代新品种,该品种早熟且早期产量高、丰产性好,果实长圆柱形,果皮皱,外被少量白霜,平均单瓜质量282.1 g,长28.6 cm,粗4.9 cm,肉质细嫩,略带甜味,口感好,667 m2产量3 000 kg左右。     

2018年安徽省部分地区A型禽流感流行率横断面研究

为了解安徽省A型禽流感病毒感染情况,2018年4—5月,在安徽省北部、中部和南部7个市,随机选取各类型场点173个,在每个场点内随机采集35份咽喉/泄殖腔和环境拭子样品,使用荧光RT-PCR进行A型、H5亚型、H7亚型流感病毒核酸检测。结果显示：在4个养殖场、3个活禽批发市场和17个农贸市场检出了A型禽流感病毒,场点阳性率分别为2.9%（4/140）、75.0%（3/4）、80.9%（17/21）,未检出H5和H7亚型流感病毒核酸;A型禽流感群体流行率为11.2%（95%CI：6.5%~15.8%）,个体流行率为1.2%（95%CI：0.9%~1.5%）;活禽交易市场内,禽群感染A型禽流感病毒的风险较高（OR=136,95%CI：32.7~549.4）。结果表明,A型禽流感病毒在养殖和交易环节存在一定的污染,而在活禽交易市场的污染更严重,是今后禽流感防控的重点,需继续加强活禽交易市场的管理和消毒灭源工作。     

添加外源性酶对猪、鸡内源消化酶活性的影响

观察了猪、鸡不同类型饲粮中添加外源性酶制剂后对其内源性消化酶活性的影响。结果,玉米－豆粕型饲粮中添加外源酶后,３７及６７日龄丝毛乌骨鸡的小肠胰蛋白酶活性分别提高１３．１５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和９．４５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,总蛋白水解酶活性提高７．３０％（Ｐ＞０．０５）和１３．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但α－淀粉酶活性无显著变化;高麸皮饲粮中添加外源酶可使４９日龄ＡＡ肉鸡的胰蛋白酶,总蛋白水解酶和α－淀粉酶活性分别提高４６．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,１５．２０％（Ｐ＞０．０５）和７９．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而对胰脏中α－淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性无显著影响;高次粉饲粮中添加外源酶可使杜长大仔猪的小肠总蛋白水解酶活性提高２１．００％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而对肠α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响;大麦－豆粕型饲粮中添加外源酶可使杜长大肥育猪的肠胰蛋白酶活性下降３６．９０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,肠脂肪酶活性提高７２．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而对小肠α－淀粉酶和胰脏α－淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性无显著影响。据此认为,外源性酶与畜禽内源性消化酶活性的关系较为复杂,受到动物品种和饲粮类型的影响,尤其是后者。