Why extensive research and development did not promote use of peach palm fruit in Latin America

Agroforestry Systems - Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) was domesticated as a fruit crop by the first Amazonians in traditional Neotropical agroforestry systems, but research and development...     

16jährige Probeanbauten von Lärchenbastarden

Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1951 überwiegend durch gelenkte Kreuzung und teilweise aus freiem Abblühen entstandene L?rchen-Einzelbaumnachkommenschaften, die zusammen mit einigen Bestandes-Nachkommenschaften im Versuchsgarten Grafrath erzogen und anschlie?end auf vier Versuchsfl?chen innerhalb Bayerns angebaut worden waren, wurden zuletzt im zehn- bzw. achtj?hrigen Alter (in der Dickungsphase vor dem ersten Pflegeeingriff) sowie im 16j?hrigen Alter (in der beginnenden Stangenholzphase nach dem ersten Eingriff) aufgenommen. Auf Grund der aus diesen beiden Aufnahmen gewonnenen Ergebnisse (H?hen- und Durchmesser-Wuchsleistung, Variation der H?henwerte vor dem ersten Eingriff, natürliche Ausf?lle, Schaftform, Astst?rke und Krebsbefall-H?ufigkeit) sind die verschiedenen Kombinationen und Bestandes-Nachkommenschaften auf ihre Anbaubew?hrung hin überprüft worden: Die Anbaubew?hrung kann unter Berücksichtigung der erfa?ten Merkmale für drei Kreuzungen voll bejaht werden, und zwar für die Nummern 16 L. decidua 7/51×L. leptolepis (Gaut.), 20 L. decidua Kr. 1×L. leptolepis (Gaut.) und 10 Bastard 11/51×L. leptolepis (Gaut.). Bei vier Nachkommenschaften (Nr. 5 L. leptolepis Kr. 4×L. decidua (Gaut.); Nr. 35 L. leptolepis-Bestandesnachk.; Nr. 22 L. leptolepis 9/51×L. decidua 7/51 und Nr. 25 L. leptolepis 10/51×Bastard 1/51) mit überdurchschnittlicher Wüchsigkeit darf das Ja zur Anbaubew?hrung wegen nicht voll überzeugenden Abschneidens in den übrigen Merkmalen nur mit gewisser Einschr?nkung ausgesprochen werden. Die Anbaubew?hrung mu? für drei Nachkommenschaften wegen Krebsbefalls und sehr geringer Wuchsleistung verneint werden; es handelt sich dabei um die Nummern 4 L. lepteuropaea Kr. 2×L. decidua (Gaut.), 36 L. decidua-Bestandesnachkommenschaft und 20 L. decidua 7/51× freibest?ubt. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl der angebauten L?rchen-Nachkommenschaften ist in eine breitangelegte Mittelgruppe mit nicht oder nur sehr wenig differenziertem Wachstum inzuordnen, so da? erst die künftige Entwicklung die zu treffende Entscheidung erm?glichen wird.     

Investigation of the allergenic potential of wines fined with various proteinogenic fining agents by ELISA

Hidden allergens are a common problem in food safety that has been known for many years. This is why the European Parliament adopted Directive 2003/89/EC amending 2000/13/EC. In addition to specific ingredients, Directive 2003/89/EC also requests the declaration of specific products that were used in the production and could be a risk for allergic individuals. This also includes the declaration of fining agents and lysozyme used in wines. In fact, it could be assumed that fining agents would be almost completely removed during the manufacturing process; however, until now there has been no necessity to analyze wine for these fining agents. By applying enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), residuals of fining agent proteins and the stabilizer lysozyme were investigated in various German wines. The results showed no detectable amounts of fining agents in wines, except for dried egg white and lysozyme, both derived from hen's egg white. For those products, adverse reactions against treated wines could not be excluded.     

Trade-offs and synergies in management of two co-occurring specialist squash pests

Journal of Pest Science - Co-occurring herbivorous pests may have shared or divergent responses to plant- and insect- derived cues, creating challenges for effective pest management in...     

Carbon dynamics in small tropical catchments under preserved forest and cacao agroforestry systems

Agroforestry Systems - Inland waters such as streams that receive carbon from terrestrial landscapes usually have a net heterotrophic metabolism and emit significant amounts of CO2 to the...     

Blood oxygen transport and hemoglobin function in three tropical fish species from northern Australian freshwater billabongs

The oxygen binding properties of whole blood and hemoglobin were studied in three phylogenetically distant tropical teleosts inhabiting freshwater billabongs that exhibit marked seasonal oxygen stratification. The water breathing saratoga (Scleropages jardinii, Family Osteoglossidae), derived from an ancient divergence of the stem line leading to all other extant teleosts, has a low blood oxygen carrying capacity, Bohr and Root effect, and a high blood oxygen affinity. Erythrocytes contain a single major hemoglobin component, and equimolar concentrations of ATP and GTP. The tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides, Family Megalopidae), a facultative air-breather, has the highest blood oxygen carrying capacity and Bohr effect, and a low blood oxygen affinity and Root effect. Erythrocytes contain a single major hemoglobin and ATP as a putative regulator of hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Barramundi (Lates calcarifer, Family Centropomidae), is an obligate water-breather with intermediate blood oxygen binding properties, and the smallest Root effect. Erythrocytes contain at least 7 hemoglobins, and equimolar concentrations of ATP and GTP. Functional properties of these three blood oxygen transport systems are considered in terms of the respiratory environment and demand for oxygen. Our interpretation supports the hypothesis that the process of speciation can lead to divergence in physiological mechanisms, irrespective of past or present selection pressures.     

Clostridium septicum myositis in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

A 10-yr-old male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with a history of conspecific bite wounds was evaluated for acute onset of depression, anorexia, and right hemiparesis. The animal was immobilized for diagnostic examination and treatment for suspected toxic shock from a necrotizing, emphysematous wound infection, but was euthanized due to complications during recovery. Gross and histopathologic examination revealed acute necrotizing myositis, fasciitis, cellulitis, and emphysema in the affected wound area, with large numbers of large Gram-positive rods among necrotic muscle fibers. Severe pulmonary edema with airways containing fibrin, acute hemorrhage in multiple body sites, thrombosis in blood vessels in the skeletal muscle, liver, and lung, and lymph node hyperplasia with lymphoid necrosis and hemorrhage. Immunohistochemical fluorescent antibody staining of muscle from the wound site was positive for     

Assessment of induction and recovery times of anaesthesia in Astyanax bimaculatus using 2‐phenoxyethanol and the essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Ocimum gratissimum

This study aimed to determine the lowest effective concentration (LEC) of 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐Phe) and essential oils (EOs) of Melaleuca alternifolia and Ocimum gratissimum able to induce anaesthesia in Astyanax bimaculatus. LEC was assumed to be the required concentration to carry out anaesthesia in less than 3 min with recovery in <5 min and sufficient to carry out routine aquaculture procedures. The following concentrations were tested: 2‐Phe (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 µl/L); M. alternifolia (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 µl/L); and O. gratissimum (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 100, 150, 250 and 300 µl/L). Results show that all three agents evaluated have effective anaesthetic properties for use in Astyanax bimaculatus with LEC for 2‐Phe, M. alternifolia and O. gratissimum of 200, 300 and 60 µl/L respectively.     

Evidence for Alfvén waves in solar x-ray jets

Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind.