钾肥施用量对甘蔗产量、糖分积累及其抗逆性的效应研究

通过田间试验研究不同钾肥施用量对甘蔗产量、糖分积累及其抗逆性的影响。结果表明,甘蔗产量随着钾肥施用量增加而增加,4个钾用量处理的新植、宿根两年甘蔗平均产量增产率分别为16.9%、21.8%、25.0%、25.6%。扣除化肥投资K1、K_2、K3、K4、CK的收益分别为30 583、31 140、31 190、30 463、26 485元/hm~2。钾肥施用对甘蔗糖分积累的促进作用不明显,而对甘蔗抗黑穗病有一定作用,宿根甘蔗生长后期黑穗病发病率随着钾肥施用量增加而下降。钾肥施用对提高甘蔗螟虫危害抗性作用不明显。钾肥施用有利于提高甘蔗田间抗旱性,在天气持续干旱条件下,甘蔗保持的青叶数随着钾肥施用量增加而增加。综合各项调查结果,本试验钾肥施用量以K_2O 300 kg/hm~2表现最优。     

智能饲喂器对哺乳母猪采食量体况和生产性能的影响

为探究不同饲喂方式对哺乳母猪采食量、体况和生产性能的影响,满足哺乳母猪获得最大采食量并达到精准饲喂控制等需求,该文以哺乳母猪为试验对象,比较不同饲喂方式对哺乳母猪采食量、体况和生产性能的影响。试验共选用40只1胎母猪,随机分为3组:试验1组采用智能饲喂器饲喂(6次/d)、试验2组采用人工饲喂(6次/d)、对照组采用人工饲喂(3次/d)。结果表明,在试验环境条件下,哺乳8～21 d、人工饲喂3次/d的采食量(6.46 kg)显著高于智能饲喂6次/d(5.22 kg)(P0.05),2种饲喂方式在母猪的体质量变化、背膘变化、总产仔数、断奶后发情天数、仔猪日增体质量和用水量方面均无显著性差异(P0.05);哺乳母猪在采食过多时可能引起厌食进而降低后期的采食量,应按照饲喂参数逐步增加饲喂量饲喂;在现有设备投资和工资水平下,智能饲喂器正常使用4.5 a可取代1名优秀饲养员。研究结果可为今后智能化饲喂替代有经验人工饲喂、根据饲养条件选择饲喂方式提供参考。     

地源热泵水蓄能型植物工厂降温系统夏季运行特性

针对田间环境复杂、秸秆形态多样、秸秆覆盖率判断主观性影响过大、补贴面积测量耗时耗力等问题,该文开展了秸秆覆盖率率自动识别方法研究和监测设备研制。首先,提出利用时频变换进行秸秆识别,设计高通滤波器提取了图像的频域特征进行自适应分割。基于集成分类器利用已有的秸秆识别数据训练支持向量机分类器,对秸秆图像进行再识别和筛选。最后,设计多尺度占比滤波器,对识别图像中的噪声和空洞进行修补,生成适应多种情况的秸秆覆盖率识别算法。与北斗定位模块、无线通讯模块、摄像头、传感器、服务器等设备共同组成秸秆覆盖率识别系统。试验结果表明,设备的秸秆覆盖率识别误差为4.55%,平均单张图像耗时0.05 s。研究结果满足保护性耕作中的自动化监测要求,可为保护性耕作作业质量评测提供有效的技术支持。     

木材法案对世界原木贸易网络结构的影响

文中运用复杂网络拓扑结构指标,从整体网络形态和局部结构特征2个方面分析和比较了美国《雷斯法修正案》和《欧盟木材法案》对世界原木贸易网络结构的影响,结果表明:2000—2015年全球金融危机造成了整体贸易关系数量的大幅下降;《雷斯法修正案》的实施未对原木贸易网络产生显著影响,主要表现于内部结构调整,以核心国家为中心的局部集中化程度呈此消彼长态势;《欧盟木材法案》影响程度较低。     

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide and 24-Epibrassinolide on the Physiological Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings Under Cadmium Stress

Cadmium(Cd) is highly toxic to plants, animals, and humans. Limited information is available on the role of nitric oxide(NO)and/or 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in response of plants to Cd stress. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the effects of NO and/or EBR on peanut plants subjected to Cd stress(200 μmol L~(-1)) with sodium nitroprusside(SNP, an exogenous NO donor)(250 μmol L~(-1)) and/or EBR(0.1 μmol L~(-1)) addition. The results showed that Cd exposure inhibited plant growth, and this stress was alleviated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially the combination of the two. Treatment with Cd inhibited the growth of peanut seedlings, decreased chlorophyll content, and significantly increased the Cd concentration in plants. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species(ROS) markedly increased in peanut seedlings under Cd stress, resulting in the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline in leaves and roots. Under Cd stress, applications of SNP, EBR, and especially the two in combination significantly reduced the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, increased the chlorophyll content, decreased the concentrations of ROS, MDA, and proline, and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in peanut seedlings. Exogenous NO and/or EBR also stimulated the activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and increased the contents of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid(AsA) and reduced glutathione(GSH). Furthermore, exogenous NO and/or EBR enhanced Cd accumulation in the cell wall and thus decreased Cd distribution in the organelles in the roots. The concentrations of calcium(Ca), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), and zinc(Zn) were also regulated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially by the two in combination. These results indicated that SNP and EBR, alone and particularly in combination, can mitigate the negative effects of Cd stress in peanut plants.     

山区土地利用多功能时空分异特征及影响因素分析

射频加热作为一种新型的热加工技术,在果蔬烫漂工艺中应用潜力巨大。介电特性是影响果蔬射频加热的主要因素,其大小受到电磁场频率、温度以及水等因素的影响,依据介电特性变化可以对果蔬烫漂工艺进行优化改进。该文选用富士和秦冠2个苹果品种,采用末端开路同轴探头技术测定了不同温度(20、40、60、80、95 ℃),不同频率（12～3 000 MHz）下,苹果的介电特性的变化规律。采用6 kW、27.12 MHz的射频加热系统在不同极板间距（110、120、130 mm）下,对苹果块进行加热处理,通过荧光光纤测温探头监测样品的中心温度,得到3种不同极板间距下苹果块中心温度从25升至95 ℃的升温曲线和升温速率。用红外热像仪测定加热前后苹果块表面的温度分布,研究了苹果块射频加热均匀性。结果表明：苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子在12～3 000 MHz之间随着频率的增大先降低,后增大,再降低;温度对苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子的影响没有特定的规律;射频加热苹果块时,极板间距110 mm时升温最快,130 mm时升温最慢,各需要120和150 s。且苹果块中心温度随时间近似线性增长,射频加热过程中,苹果块表面温度分布表现出中心加热现象,即中心温度高,边缘温度低。     

南瓜蜂蜜发酵蛋糕的研究与开发

将发酵的方法应用于人们日常生活普遍食用的蛋糕中,同时添加南瓜泥和蜂蜜,研究开发一种新型南瓜蜂蜜发酵蛋糕,使蛋糕进一步向营养型转化,并具有一定的风味和保健功效,以增加蛋糕的花色品种,从而促进消费。     

南瓜发酵蛋糕的研制

以蛋糕粉为主要原料,添加南瓜粉,研制一种南瓜发酵蛋糕。选择南瓜粉、鸡蛋液、干酵母、糖浆为考察因素,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定南瓜发酵蛋糕的最佳配方为南瓜粉19%、鸡蛋液56%、干酵母3%、糖浆25%。     

Phenotypic Analysis and Gene Cloning of Rice Floury Endosperm Mutant fse4

【Objective】Starch is the main energy reserve of rice endosperm. The biosynthesis of starch is complex, requiring a large number of synthetic enzymes and regulators. Screening rice endosperm defective mutants and cloning the underlying genes will lay theoretical basis for starch biosynthesis and its regulation. 【Method】 A stable genetic floury and shrunken endosperm mutant termed as fse4 (floury and shrunken4) were obtained from the mutant library of Ningjing 3 (WT), which was induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). An F2 mapping population was generated by crossing the fse4 mutant with Dular (an indica rice variety) and the gene was finally isolated. The floury seeds segregated from the fse4 heterozygous plants were used to observe the morphological features, and the physicochemical properties of the brown rice flour were analyzed. The endosperm structure was observed with a scanning electron microscopy by the semi-thin section technology. The expression of starch synthesis related genes during grain filling was determined by qRT-PCR; Immunoblotting was used to detect the accumulation of proteins related to starch synthesis. The amino acids contents of each mature endosperm were determined with the fully automatic amino acid analyzer.【Result】The 1000-grain weight and grain size were significantly reduced in fse4. Compared with WT, the contents of total starch, amylose and total protein were signi?cantly lower in fse4, while the lipid content was signi?cantly higher. The starch viscosity, breakdown viscosity and setback viscosity of the fse4 mutant were lower than WT. The endosperm of the mutant had many single dispersed starch granules with large spaces between each other. Using 1568 recessive individuals, FSE4 was narrowed down to a 252 kb region. Sequencing revealed a single base substitution in the first exon of the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), resulting in a conserved amino acid variation. Most of the genes related to starch synthesis were downregulated in fse4 and the protein accumulation related to starch synthase were reduced. The contents of various amino acids in fse4 rice flour were increased or decreased, the total free amino acids contents in fse4 seeds was 2.6 times higher than those in WT. Exogenous proline was applied during the germination of fse4 seeds, and the embryonic lethal phenotype was partially recovered.【Conclusion】FSE4 encode the key rate-limiting enzyme P5CS of proline synthesis, which plays an important role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids in endosperm and affects the accumulation of starch.     

玉米-大豆带状套作高产玉米品种的形态特征

通过两年大田试验,在玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式下,研究21个玉米品种在净作和套作模式下的产量水平,以产量为7 500 kg/hm~2为界限,将供试玉米品种划分为3个产量类别,通过比较净作高产套作高产与净作高产套作低产两个类别下玉米的形态特征,从品种间形态的变异系数和形态指标与产量相关性,筛选出叶面积、株高、穗上位二叶夹角和穗位高可作为选择套作高产玉米品种的主要形态指标。套作玉米品种叶面积吐丝期为6 415～7 158 cm~2/株,穗上位二叶夹角分别为20°～31°和22°～28°,株高为259～280 cm,穗位高为94.5～113.0 cm时,可获得较高的套作玉米产量。