THE USE OF LIVEWEIGHT-GAIN TRIALS FOR PASTURE EVALUATION IN THE TROPICS

An experiment is described in which liveweight gains were measured from two grass/legume pastures using small East African Zebu animals and also progeny of small East African Zebu cows crossed with Bos taurus bulls. Significantly higher production was obtained from cross-bred stock, which averaged 706 lb liveweight gain at per annum (791 kg/ha per annum), compared with 509 lb liveweight gain/ac per annum (571 kg/ha per annum) from Zebu stock, indicating that pasture management had advanced beyond the genetic potential of the local Zebu stock. The problems of designing, conducting and interpreting the results of such grazing trials are discussed.     

THE UTILIZATION OF GRASS FED INDOORS TO YOUNG BEEF CATTLE, WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTARY BARLEY

An experiment was carried out in which grass was cut and fed indoors, with or without supplementary barley. Seven animals were allocated to each of the following treatments: (1) grass ad lib . without supplementary barley; (2) grass ad lib . with supplementary barley at the rate of 0.5 lb/100 lb bodyweight; (3) grass ad lib . with supplementary barley at the rate of 1 lb/100 lb bodyweight. Supplementary barley increased total dry-matter intake and improved daily liveweight gain and food conversion rate. The mean daily liveweight gains for the 17-week experimental period were 1.60, 1.91 and 2.20 lb and the corresponding feed dry-matter conversion ratios were 6.18, 5.67 and 5.55 for Treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
The dry-matter digestibility of the diets was slightly higher when the grass was supplemented with barley than when grass alone was given. Although barley depressed the digestibility of protein, the absolute and the proportionate retention of nitrogen was increased. This was particularly marked on Treatment 3, presumably because of the higher net energy value of the diet containing the greater amount of barley. The N-retention data corresponded to the rates of liveweight gain obtained.     

The measurement of stem toughness in marrow-stem kale using a simple laboratory penetrometer

The construction and use of a variable force penetrometer for measuring the woodiness of kale stems is described.The force required to cause penetration of the probe through the xylem tissue was found to bear a close relationship to estimates of quality based on in vitro digestibility determinations, crude fibre content and visual assessment of lignification in stained transverse sections of stems.     

THE EFFECT OF THE BIPYRIDYL HERBICIDES ON HILL COMMUNITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF HILL GRAZING

The improvement of hill land is important to the national economy of the United Kingdom. An increase in the amount of enclosed productive land results in a greater stock-carrying capacity of a hill farm. Improvement is not always possible by conventional implements, and herbicides are being used to kill the old sward. The bipyridyl herbicides offer a means of destroying or modifying the indigenous vegetation. The application of low doses of paraquat or diquat to an association containing Molinia caerulea, Nardus sfricta and Festuca avina resulted in a change in equilibrium in favour of the fescues. The application of 2 lb paraquat per acre practically eliminates all grass species in a sward and it is then possible to establish desirable pasture species after lightly cultivating the dead surface litter.     

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS FOLLOWING A LONG PERIOD OF DROUGHT

In Saskatchewan, intermediate wheatgrass ( Agropyron intermedium Host. Beauv.) suffered severe winter injury during the 1961–2 winter season, which followed a series of drought years, the most severe being 1961. In two tests, designed to study fertilizer effects, the extent of severe winter injury increased with the rate of application. The killing ranged from 4% where no fertilizer was applied to 90% where 66 lb of N per acre were applied. Slightly more winter-killing occurred after applications of ammonium phosphate/sulphate (16-20-0) fertilizer than after ammonium nitrate (33·5-0-0).
The grass growing in rows 36 in. apart killed out to a greater extent than that growing in rows 18 in apart Less winter injury occurred after spring applications of fertilizer than after application in the fall.     

THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE ON SILAGE DRY-MATTER INTAKE

The oral introduction of 0·5 g histamine as the diphosphate into the rumen of sheep produced no effect on the physiological condition of the animals. The feeding of histamine, as the dihydrochloride, in levels up to 1 g/day to sheep on silage diets did not affect the dry-matter intake.     

Chemical Aids in Forest Fire Control

Progress in development of chemical aids in suppressing andretarding forest fires and in drying vegetation to facilitatecontrolled burning is reviewed briefly. The main part of thepaper describes exploratory trials in 1958–61, using arange of fire-retardant compounds for control of grass and heathfires. All chemicals tested were markedly superior to plainwater in checking fire spread. Ammonium phosphate solution,and ‘viscous water’ prepared using sodium alginate,were the most promising retardants tested, the latter beingthe more effective on heavier fuels such as heather and gorse.The costs and mechanics of use are discussed. Subject to operationaltrials, it is concluded that these chemicals could be of practicalvalue in checking the front and hottest parts of vegetationfires. Recent trials suggest that herbicides, of those testednotably Paraquat, may be used to desiccate grass vegetationto permit safe and rapid controlled burning during summer months.