Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review

Wide and discriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in serious biological and ecological concerns, especially the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics, known as beneficial microbes, are being proposed as an effective and eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics. They were first applied in aquaculture species more than three decades ago, but considerable attention had been given only in the early 2000s. Probiotics are defined as live or dead, or even a component of the microorganisms that act under different modes of action in conferring beneficial effects to the host or to its environment. Several probiotics have been characterized and applied in fish and a number of them are of host origin. Unlike some disease control alternatives being adapted and proposed in aquaculture where actions are unilateral, the immense potential of probiotics lies on their multiple mechanisms in conferring benefits to the host fish and the rearing environment. The staggering number of probiotics papers in aquaculture highlights the multitude of advantages from these microorganisms and conspicuously position them in the dynamic search for health-promoting alternatives for cultured fish. This paper provides an update on the use of probiotics in finfish aquaculture, particularly focusing on their modes of action. It explores the contemporary understanding of their spatial and nutritional competitiveness, inhibitory metabolites, environmental modification capability, immunomodulatory potential and stress-alleviating mechanism. This timely update affirms the importance of probiotics in fostering sustainable approaches in aquaculture and provides avenues in furthering its research and development.     

Comparison of floral ontogeny in wild-type and double-flowered phenotypes of Syringa vulgaris L. (Oleaceae)

A comparative study of floral ontogeny in normal and double-flowered phenotype of Syringa vulgaris was conducted using the epi-illumination light microscopy. In the wild phenotype, floral differentiation starts with calyx inception and the formation of four sepals in orthogonal positions (two median and two lateral). The corolla emerges as a continuous ring-like structure leading to the appearance of four petal lobes alternating with the sepals. Androecium was formed by initiation of two stamen primordia in transverse plane and finally the bicarpellate gynoecium emerges in median position. In the case of the double-flowered lilac, there are supernumerary petals in an additional whorl. In double-flowered phenotype, a ring meristem is formed acropetally after the first petal whorl initiates. Stamens and carpels initiated similarly in double-flowered as well as in wild-type plants. However, position of stamens deviates from the typical transverse situation. It seems that the appearing of an extra petal whorl did not exhibit any adverse effect on the initiation of other whorls, in terms of organ identity. Therefore, it would be suggested that the double-flowered phenotype of Syringa represents a case of neoheterotopy, with formation of an extra petal whorl, rather than a case of homoheterotopy with transformation of an ancestral androecium whorl into petals.     

in vitro Anti-Proliferative Effect of Adiponectin on Human Endometriotic Stromal Cells through AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 Gene Receptor Expression

Background:

Endometriosis is a complex disorder in reproductive age women which consist of stromal and epithelial cells implantation outside the uterine cavity. Adiponectin is a member of cytokine family with various metabolic roles and proliferation inhibition of many cancer cells. The aim of the present research was to determine adiponectin effect on human endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) proliferation and their expression of adiponectin receptors.

Methods:

In this experimental study, endometrial biopsies (n=7) were taken. ESCs isolation was done by enzymatic digestion and cell filtrations. ESCs of each biopsy were divided into four groups: 0 (control), 10, 100, and 200 ng/ml adiponectin concentrations in three different times (24, 48, or 72 h). The effect of adiponectin on ESC viability and expression of mRNA Adipo receptor1 (R1) and Adipo receptor2 (R2) was determined by Trypan blue staining and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and unpaired student’s t-test, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Adiponectin inhibited human endometriotic stromal cell proliferation in time- and dose-dependent manners significantly (P=0.001). Expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 gene receptors was increased in human ESCs significantly (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

Adiponectin can suppress endometriosis by inhibiting ESC proliferation and increased AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression.Key Words: Adiponectin, Adiponectin receptors, Endometriosis, Stromal cells     

Effect of interceptor drainage on phosphorus transport and soil chemical characteristics under different cultivation conditions

Paddy and Water Environment - Drainage is a profitable water management operation in waterlogged soils, particularly in hot, arid environments where waterlogging is caused by irrigation and salts...     

The Influence of Different Dietary Carbohydrate to Lipid Ratios on Some Qualitative Characteristics of Fillets of Beluga (Huso huso) During Refrigeration

In this study, juvenile beluga (Huso huso) were fed diets containing different carbohydrate to lipid ratios for 5 months. At the end of the culture period, proximate compositions of the fish carcasses (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) were measured. Then, qualitative changes in the fishes were evaluated during 24-days refrigeration (4°C), along with changes in their total volatile bases nitrogen (TVN), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), pH, and muscle texture profile analysis. The results of proximate analysis of the carcasses showed that moisture, protein, and ash of the carcasses increased significantly (p < 0.05) with higher carbohydrate to lipid ratio, but fat content of the carcasses decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Further, during refrigeration, TVN, TBA, and FFA increased significantly in all the samples (p < 0.05), but these changes did not follow the same pattern in all the treatments. Tissue hardness decreased during preservation. Although pH changes in the fillets were low, they were significant and without a clear-cut pattern. The results showed that use of different carbohydrate to lipid ratios in diet does not lead to clear-cut changes in qualitative characteristics of beluga fillets during refrigeration.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel biocompatible four-arm star-shaped copolymers by using a new tetramethacrylate core

The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize two novel four-arm star-shaped copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), methacrylic acid (MAA), N,N-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) that was initiated from a new tetramethacrylate monomer (TMAM) as the core by the free radical polymerization approach. Novel multiacrylic monomer was synthesized via three key consecutive reactions. All the intermediates and the final product have been fully characterized. The polymerization reaction was conducted by the core first method and the star-shaped copolymers were analyzed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). MTT assay was used to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity of the star copolymers on lung cancer cell lines. These star copolymers showed no in vitro cytotoxicity to A549 cells. The results showed that these copolymers can be promising drug carriers because they showed no in vitro cytotoxicity and they have various functional groups for association and interaction with drugs.     

Characterization of phytoplasmas related to peanut witches’-broom and stolbur groups associated with alfalfa diseases in Iran

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In the central and south eastern provinces of Iran, alfalfa plants showing phytoplasma diseases-like symptoms categorized into three major types, namely...     

Molecular approach to determine taxonomic status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Septoria</Emphasis> sp. causing leaf blotch of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanea sativa</Emphasis> in Hyrcanian forests

Castanea sativa is a valuable tree species in Hyrcanian forests, an evolutionary relict ecosystem whose communities suffer from overexploitation and fungal diseases. In the current study, three species delimitation methods were utilized with ITS regions sequencing to determine the taxonomic status of Septoria causing leaf blotch of C. sativa in Hyrcanian forests. The results indicated that the length of ITS region in the genus Septoria (extracted from GenBank) varied from 650 to 680 bp. There were almost three times more variable sites in ITS1 than in ITS2. The ITS2 secondary structure of Hyrcanian Septoria community had the highest similarity with Septoria castaneicola, except for some differences in helix II and III. Also, Hyrcanian samples had minimum genetic distances with S. castaneicola and maximum with Septoria quercicola. The maximum parsimony method divided the studied Septoria genus into three distinct clades, mostly located in clade I. Clade II consisted entirely of Septoria aciculosa, while clade III contained S. castaneicola as well as Hyrcanian samples.