Persistence and colonization of gaps in sown swards of grass and clover under different sward managements

The effects of extensive sward management and patch size on the persistence and colonization of gaps in sown swards was examined by creating gaps of five different sizes (2·3, 7, 10, 14 and 19 cm in diameter) in four different sward treatments: a fertilized sward grazed to 4 cm, i.e. relatively intensive management, and three extensively managed unfertilized swards, which were not grazed or grazed to 4 cm or 8 cm. The swards were originally sown with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), but had developed differences in species composition as a result of the management treatments imposed 2 years before and during the experiment. Light quality measurements, i.e. red-far red (R/FR) ratio, were used to determine when the light environment in the gaps no longer differed from that in control, uncut patches and this was used as an estimate of gap persistence. Persistence of gaps depended on both sward management and gap size. Gaps disappeared most rapidly in the ungrazed sward and fertilized 4-cm sward, and most slowly in the unfertilized 8-cm sward. Small gaps persisted for up to 2 weeks in all but 8-cm swards, whereas larger gaps were estimated to persist for up to 20–25 weeks in unfertilized, grazed swards. There was no evidence that the number of grass or dicotyledonous species increased in the gaps compared with the control areas. There were significant positive linear relationships between the vegetation that developed in gaps and that in the control, uncut patches, reflecting the different species composition of the established sward of the grazed (grass-dominant) and ungrazed (Ranunculus repens-dominant) treatments. For total grass dry matter and tiller numbers, as well as L. perenne tiller numbers, there was a small, but significant, effect of both patch size and sward management on the slopes of the regressions between the controls and gaps. The results are discussed in relation to the potential for species composition of sown swards to change as a result of gap creation.     

Interval to first postweaning estrus and causes for leaving the breeding herd in Large White, Landrace, Yorkshire and Chester White females after three parities

Three hundred and five Large White (LW, 93), Landrace (L, 92), Yorkshire (Y, 69) and Chester White (CW, 51) gilts produced at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center over 3 yr with 15 to 41 gilts per breed group per year were housed in total confinement and mated to farrow at 1 yr of age. After 28 to 30 d lactation, piglets were weaned and all females were observed for estrus daily for 30 d. During the year that each gilt initially farrowed, she was mated to produce a second and third litter if she returned to estrus within 30 d after piglet removal. Interval from weaning (d 0) to estrus and reason for leaving the breeding herd were recorded for each animal. Interval from weaning to estrus was influenced by breed (P less than .01), parity (P less than .01) and interaction between breed and parity (P less than .01). Intervals from weaning to estrus, in first parity females which exhibited estrus, were 7.8, 6.6, 9.3 and 14.0 d for the LW, L, Y and CW breeds. Intervals for all females after the second litter were 6.8, 4.9, 8.0 and 9.1 d, and after the third litter 6.4, 5.2, 8.3 and 10.1 d for the LW, L, Y and CW breeds. Breed, parity and year (P less than .01) affected the number of females not exhibiting estrus. Percentages of females not exhibiting estrus were 6.5, 18.7, 37.7 and 23.5 for the LW, L, Y and CW breeds and 16.1, 2.3 and 2.0 for sows after the first, second and third parities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Carbon flux and growth in mature deciduous forest trees exposed to elevated CO2

Whether rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations will cause forests to grow faster and store more carbon is an open question. Using free air CO2 release in combination with a canopy crane, we found an immediate and sustained enhancement of carbon flux through 35-meter-tall temperate forest trees when exposed to elevated CO2. However, there was no overall stimulation in stem growth and leaf litter production after 4 years. Photosynthetic capacity was not reduced, leaf chemistry changes were minor, and tree species differed in their responses. Although growing vigorously, these trees did not accrete more biomass carbon in stems in response to elevated CO2, thus challenging projections of growth responses derived from tests with smaller trees.     

Assessment of defined antigens for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in skin test-reactor cattle

The continued use of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is considered to be the main factor which limits the specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB). This study evaluated a whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assay and compared the diagnostic potential of PPD with two tuberculosis-specific antigens, ESAT-6 and MPB70. To provide estimates of sensitivity and specificity, responses were measured in 180 skin test-reacting cattle, of which 131 were confirmed as tuberculous, and in 128 cattle from TB-free herds. For the skin test reactors, there was a positive correlation between the IFN-gamma responses to PPD from Mycobacterium bovis (PPDB) and PPD from Mycobacterium avium (PPDA), indicating cross-reactivity between these complex antigens which are the basis of the skin test. In comparisons of the ESAT-6 IFN-gamma test with a PPD IFN-gamma test (using PPDB compared with PPDA), there was a decrease in sensitivity (76.3 per cent vs 89.3 per cent), but a clear increase in specificity (99.2 per cent vs 92.2 per cent). The provision of high specificity, even with lower sensitivity, offers major benefits for testing in areas with a low incidence of TB.     

The effect of a straw meal on the crude protein and amino acid metabolism and digestibility of the crude nutrients in broiler hen breeds. 2. Digestibility of crude nutrients of rations and 15N from a straw meal and wheat

In experiments with colostomized broiler hens apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the ration after straw meal supplements of 20, 30 and 40 g per animal was determined. In addition, the 15N digestibility of straw meal and wheat was ascertained on the basis of straw meal supplements. The digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after the straw meal supplement. The adaptation of the test animals to the straw meal intake resulted, at a daily consumption of 20 g straw meal, in an increase of the apparent crude fat digestibility (P less than 0.05) in dependence on the time of straw meal feeding, in which the original values without straw meal supplement were not reached. The digestibility of the 15N excess (15N') of the wheat was, at 86 +/- 1%, largely independent of the straw meal intake. The apparent digestibility of the straw-15N excess in broiler hens of 42 +/- 8 to 55 +/- 2% is surprisingly high.     

Decomposition Dynamics and Nutrient Release Pattern from Leaf Litters of Five Commonly Occurring Homegarden Tree Species in Mizoram,India

Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns from five common multipurpose tree species—viz., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Areca catechu, Citrus sp., and Tamarindus indica, found in homegardens of Mizoram—were evaluated using a litter bag technique. The result of the study indicates a varying pattern of decomposition and nutrient release (N&P) among the species. Citrus sp. and T. indica were found to be the most labile species with comparatively much higher decay constant and faster nutrient release. Initial nitrogen concentration, lignin content, and lignin/N ratio of foliage litter showed significantly higher (p < .01) correlation with the decay coefficient and were found to be the important determinants in the decay process. The initial slow release and immobilization of N in A. heterophyllus and M. indica leaf litter reflect their potential as a source of nitrogen storage and effective mulching material. While litter from T. indica and Citrus sp. can provide the short-term nutrient need, foliage for the other three species may supply the long-term nutrient requirement for the understory crops in such agroforestry systems.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAF AREA AND LIGHT INTENSITY WITHIN WHEAT CROPS DIFFERING IN ROW DIRECTION, ROW SPACING AND RATE OF SOWING; A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF UNDERSOWING PASTURE WITH CEREALS

The distribution of leaf area and light intensity within wheat crops differing in row direction, row spacing and rate of sowing is described. Regardless of the manner of planting, 75% of the total leaf area was found within a band 31/2 in. wide, centred on the centre of the row. Light penetration within crops spaced at 14 in. was greater than within those spaced at 7 in. Light penetration within rows running N.–S. was more uniform and higher, particularly around noon, than within rows running E.-W. Within N.-S. rows the position midway between rows received the highest amount of light, but light decreased on either side until it was least beneath the rows. Within E.-W. rows at 14 in. spacing, maximum light was recorded at 101/2 in. on the southern side of a row, decreasing progressively as the row was approached.