不同叶轮结构型式对污水泵性能的影响

污水泵属于无堵塞泵中的一类，主要用于输送含有纤维、纸屑、颗粒等固体悬浮物的液体，在环保、市政、水利、污水处理等行业应用十分广泛。污水泵要实现无堵塞性能，关键在于叶轮的结构型式。该文简要分析了目前常用的污水泵叶轮的主要结构型式、优缺点，重点探讨了闭式叶片式叶轮与流道式叶轮的特点，并对它们的水力设计及叶轮的主要几何参数进行了比较，试验结果表明流道式叶轮具有较陡降的H-Q曲线，较平坦的P-Q曲线，η-Q曲线的峰值较高，高效区较宽。另外流道式叶轮还具有抗缠绕、无堵塞性能好，通过能力强，料浆的输送浓度高，运行可靠等优点，所以采用流道式叶轮代替通常污水泵设计中所用的闭式叶片式叶轮是一种发展趋势，具有较好的推广应用价值。     

“水土保持规划与设计”课程实践环节设计

针对原"水土保持规划"课程教学中存在的问题,提出的新"水土保持规划与设计"课程是根据我国目前生产实际的需求,在原"水土保持规划"课程基础上整合形成的一门实践性很强的水土保持与荒漠化防治专业骨干课程。新"水土保持规划与设计"教学实践环节体系设计了"规划整体"和"典型流域治理措施设计"2个方向共8个方面的具体内容,既可反映整体水土保持规划的要求,更好地完成教学大纲中规定的要求,又可使学生牢固地掌握规划编制的内容和深度,同时有助于提高课程教学质量和学生的实践能力。     

鲜食玉米剥皮机的设计与试验

为了解决中国在鲜食玉米加工中的剥皮难题,在借鉴国外先进鲜食玉米剥皮技术的基础上研制出一种鲜食玉米剥皮机。该机采用一对转辊相向转动,转辊与玉米穗苞叶接触产生摩擦将玉米苞叶先搓起一角,之后一对转辊夹住苞叶旋转将其剥掉。该设备可适应玉米籽粒含水率介于58%～73%间的原料,对脆嫩易剥的鲜食玉米籽粒品种的破损率≤5%、剥净率≥90%、剥皮质量好。解决了中国鲜食玉米剥皮技术存在的剥净率偏低、破损率等主要性能指标不能满足使用要求的难题。经过对该设备试制、试验结果表明,完全适合高水分鲜食玉米穗剥皮。     

中隔墩长度对斜式轴伸泵装置出水流道水力特性的影响

为研究大型低扬程泵站斜式出水流道水力特性,采用数值模拟方法对某斜20°轴伸泵装置三维湍流流场进行了数值计算,发现斜式出水流道内存在严重的偏流问题,基于4种计算方案的数值模拟结果分析了偏流的成因,在研究了中隔墩长度对斜式出水流道流态和水头损失影响的基础上提出了解决偏流的措施,并得到模型试验的验证。研究结果表明:顺水流方向看,中隔墩长度为14 m时的斜式出水流道内的主流明显偏于左侧,在流道右侧下部存在较大范围的旋涡区;导叶体出口具有较大周向速度分量的水流呈螺旋状进入"S"形弯曲的斜式出水流道,两者相互作用导致斜式出水流道产生偏流;随着中隔墩长度的增加,斜式出水流道左右孔的偏流系数逐渐减小、流道水头损失呈先减小再增大趋势,当中隔墩加长至23.35m时出水流道左右两侧的出流流量达到基本相等;采用长中隔墩斜式出水流道的泵装置模型试验最优工况点效率达到80.56%,泵装置模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,取得了预期的纠偏效果,得到有关工程设计院的认可,并应用于工程实际。     

基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法

为了有效地指导水产养殖生产,提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度,提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine,ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先,利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数,提取强关联因子,降低预测模型的输入量维度;采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络,避免网络中隐含层共线性问题,保障输出权值的稳定性;然后,结合新型激活函数,构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后,将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized-Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.323 2 mg/L,与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine,LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.623 1s,预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线,能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

彩色马蹄莲2n花粉诱导及其三倍体植株的获得

2n配子介导的有性多倍化因其具有染色体重组创造新型变异的机会而越来越受到育种家的重视.本研究用化学试剂秋水仙素处理彩色马蹄莲(coloured Zantedeschia hybrid)二倍体栽培种幼蕾诱导2n配子,并对2n配子形成的细胞学特征进行了显微观察.结果显示,秋水仙素处理可以诱导彩色马蹄莲2n花粉产生,2n花粉的花粉粒明显变大,适宜的秋水仙素处理浓度为0.15％;配子形成过程中出现平行、融合等纺锤体定位异常现象,四分体时期出现二分体、三分体,产生减数分裂异常的多核细胞、小孢子形成过程中核融合等异常现象;诱导的2n花粉与正常1n雌配子杂交,杂交后代经染色体鉴定筛选获得三倍体后代(2n=3x=48).本研究结果表明,人工诱导2n花粉是培育彩色马蹄莲有性多倍体的一种有效可行的方法.     

拖拉机发动机瞬时转速微机测量的研究

为定量分析拖拉机发动机动力性能,介绍了一种带微电脑瞬时转速测量仪,对其转速传感器的原理及测试数据进行了分析;给出单片计算机80C31及其扩展接口芯片实现瞬时转速测量的结构和设计全过程以及程序框图和部分软件。     

Development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis>)

The development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) for polymorphism and transferability study was reported here. From 1213 EST sequences, 30 SSRs were obtained and primers were designed for 26 SSRs. Among them, four pairs of SSR primers amplified polymorphic products in 12 foxtail millet cultivars and one accession of Setaria viridis, a wild relative of foxtail millet, with 10 alleles detected for the four loci and 2.5 alleles per locus. In addition, ten SSR markers could be transferred to other nine Gramineae species. The putative functions of 11 ESTs containing polymorphic and transferable SSRs were also identified.     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.