Effects of Neutral Phytase Supplementation on Biochemical Parameters in Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,and Gibel Carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,Fed Different Levels of Monocalcium Phosphate

Two 8‐wk studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of neutral phytase supplementation on hemato‐biochemical status, liver biochemical parameter, and intestinal digestive enzyme activity of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with different levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The control diet was prepared with 2% MCP but without phytase (P2.0). The other three experimental diets were prepared with the addition of 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5% MCP, respectively, when supplemented with 500 U/kg neutral phytase in each diet and designated as PP1.5, PP1.0, and PP0.5, respectively. The results indicated that the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, as well as the albumin (ALB) content were increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and gibel carp (P > 0.05) fed with phytase‐supplemented diets. Meanwhile, the serum cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, and total protein contents of the two species of fish were increased in comparison to the control. In addition, dietary phytase inclusion did not significantly affect hepatic ALP, ALT, and AST activities in the two species of carp fed with different levels of MCP. Amylase activity increased in foregut and hindgut of both species when fed with the phytase‐supplemented diets while lipase activity was reduced in the foregut and hindgut in both fish. This study suggests that neutral phytase supplementation increases serum ALP, ALT, and AST activities but does not notably affect these enzyme activities in the liver of the two species of carp when fed different levels of MCP. On the other hand, amylase activity increased while lipase activity was reduced in the intestine of the species of carp fed with phytase‐supplemented diets.     

Die Nachhaltigkeit von Düngungssystemen — Dargestellt am seehausener Düngungs‐Kombinationsversuch

Der 1967 in Seehausen auf sandigem Lehm angelegte Düngungs‐Kombinationsversuch dient der Analyse von Langzeitwirkungen gestaffelter Stallmist‐ und Mineral‐N‐Gaben (0,50,100,150 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) auf Pflanzen, Boden und Umwelt. Anhand von Meß‐, Bilanz‐ und Simulationswerten wird die Nachhaltigkeit dieser Düngungsvarianten bewertet.

Organisch‐mineralische Düngung führte zu Maximalerträgen von über 12t TM ha^?1 a^?1 und N‐Entzügen bis 200 kg ha^?1 a^?1. Der N‐Entzug der ungedüngten Variante betrug in den letzten Jahren noch etwa 75 kg ha^?1a^?1 gegenüber 100 kg ha^?1a^?1 zu Versuchsbeginn.

Die Entwicklung der Boden‐N_t‐Gehalte konnte mit e‐Funktionen beschrieben werden. Mineral‐N allein genügte nicht zum Erhalt der N_t‐Ausgangsvorräte, hierfür waren 55 bis 85 kg Stalldung‐N ha^?1 a^?1 notwendig. Die N_t‐ und C_t‐Gehalte korrelierten mit zahlreichen Bodenparametern. Hohe Humusgehalte forderten die biologische Aktivität.

Die N‐Verluste betrugen <10kg ha^?1 a^?1 (ungedüngt) bis 120 kg ha^?1a^?1 (höchstgedüngte Variante). Das N‐Verlustpotential lag bei Stallmistanwendung etwas niedriger als bei gleicher N‐Zufuhr in Mineralform. Je nach Stallmist‐Stufe waren 62 bis 104 kg Mineral‐N ha^?1 a^?1 erforderlich, um den Energieeinsatz je Produkteinheit zu minimieren.

Kombinierte Anwendung organischer und mineralischer Dünger (je 100 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) führte zu höchsten ökonomischen Leistungen, günstigen Bodeneigenschaften und tolerierbaren Umweltwirkungen. Zieht man alle verwendeten Nachhaltigkeitskriterien in Betracht, ist dieses Düngungssystem den anderen überlegen.     

不同杀菌剂防治小麦白粉病药效研究

研究不同杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果,结果表明:25%丙环唑乳油、50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果较好,平均防治效果分别达到84.72%、86.05%。     

百花山森林资源环境价值评估分析

百花山森林资源年产出价值为19 697.29万元,其中活立木价值年增长价值为3 080.65万元,占年总产出价值的15.64%,而间接使用价值,即生态价值为14 951.04万元,占年总产出的75.90%。说明百花山森林具有极高的生态效益价值,保存森林的价值,决不仅仅是木材价值的保护,更重要的应该是森林的生态效益的价值以及非消费性价值的保护。只有在生态价值不受损害的条件下,利用其他价值才是最合理的。     

Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in Bangladesh

Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh.     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

Effects of a plastic cover on soil moisture change in a Mediterranean climatic regime

Water deficit is a serious problem for most agricultural crops, especially in arid–semiarid regions, and limits sustainable development. Production can be improved by reducing evapotranspiration and loss of infiltrated water by the use of a plastic cover. We monitored soil moisture fortnightly over 1 yr using a neutron probe near four trees in an olive grove (Olea europaea, var. Arbequina), two of which had a plastic cover buried in the topsoil around them. These trees were monitored using three neutron probe access tubes per tree to compare the behaviour of soil moisture over time with two other identically instrumented and nearby trees with no cover. Analysis was based on the resultant moisture profiles. The plastic cover retained moisture and increased soil water residence time. During the dry season, the amount of water retained in the plots was at most 15–20% greater in the mid‐season and at least 5–6% greater at the end of season than in the central part of the plots near the trunk. The plastic cover was effective to ca. 50 cm with maximum water content near the soil surface. During the wet season, the cover did not affect soil water. Soil moisture was greater near the tree trunk as a result of stemflow and throughfall.     

热压温度对热压过程中板坯芯层温度变化影响的研究

纤维板热压过程中板坯芯层温度是否能迅速达到胶的固化温度是影响产品质量和生产率的重要因素之一。板坯热压过程中的传热速率受很多因素影响,如热压温度、板坯含水率、密度和厚度等,其中热压温度是生产中较易控制的工艺参数之一。通过探讨热压过程中板坯芯层温度变化规律与热压温度的关系,研究不同热压温度对板坯芯层温度变化的影响,为优化热压工艺条件提供理论依据。     

Water and Energy Consumption by Agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region

Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socio- economic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO 2 e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.     

我国微生物航天诱变育种的应用及研究进展

航天诱变是近些年发展迅速的一种新型的微生物诱变育种技术。根据国内微生物航天诱变的研究状况,综述了微生物航天诱变的机制以及产生代谢产物的研究进展,提出了其存在的问题,并对微生物航天诱变育种进行了展望。