Tissue distribution of marbofloxacin after 'systemic' administration into the isolated perfused bovine udder

Mammary glands taken at slaughter from healthy lactating cows were perfused in vitro with warmed and gassed Tyrode solution. Marbofloxacin was administered "systemically" via the perfusion fluid at concentrations similar to those measured in plasma following intravenous administration of 2mg/kg marbofloxacin. Samples from the perfusate were taken over a 24h period. Glandular tissue samples at different vertical distances from the teat up to the udder base were gathered from each of the four quarters after 3, 6, 12 and 24h. The marbofloxacin content of the tissue samples was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The addition of marbofloxacin to the perfusion fluid produced median concentrations above the MIC90 (0.016microg/mL) against Escherichia coli at all glandular tissue sites measured after 3 and 6h with remarkable variations. Samples taken after 12 and 24h contained marbofloxacin in concentrations (median) of 0.22 (<0.05-0.32)microg/g and 0.13 (<0.05-0.16)microg/g. It is concluded that a systemic administration of marbofloxacin is well suited for the treatment of E. coli mastitis.     

内蒙古呼和浩特市苜蓿种植经济效益分析——以土默特左旗苜蓿种植园区为例

[目的]对内蒙古呼和浩特市“优质牧草技术攻关项目”位于土默特左旗国家现代化农业示范区的苜蓿种植园区进行苜蓿种植经济效益分析,为调整该地区种植业结构、促进苜蓿产业发展提供参考。[方法]收集该种植园区苜蓿种植过程中种子、农药、机械燃油等6类投入要素数据,利用柯布—道格拉斯（Cobb-Douglas）生产函数模型对一级和二级产出要素进行回归分析。[结果]一级产出模型中,6类投入要素中的机械燃油投入和农药投入对利润具有负向影响,其余各要素均对利润具有正向影响,种子投入具有显著（P<0.05）影响。二级产出模型中,种子、化肥、水电投入与苜蓿产量具有正相关关系。利润产出模型为：Y_产出=4.532 503-0.265 386X_种子+0.638 345X_化肥-2.988 071X_水电+5.506 927X_机械燃油-2.662 652X_人工-2.895 284X_农药。产量产出模型为Y_产出=18.740 580+1.415 616X_种子+0.252 048X_化肥+0.371 124X_水电+0.497 999X_机械燃油+0.060 733X_人工+0.184 595X_农药。种子、化肥、水电、机械燃油、农药、人工投入边际产量分别为7.981、0.472、0.549、5.301、0.475、3.176 kg/hm²。苜蓿种植各类投入要素中机械燃油投入占比最大,为44.59%,现阶段苜蓿种植处于规模报酬递增阶段。苜蓿种子和机械燃油投入的边际产量远大于零,增加此两项投入可以实现苜蓿增产。[结论]该地区苜蓿生产实践中应加大种子、农药、机械燃油的投入,并适当控制其他要素投入。     

Endocrine effects of GnRH agonist application to early pregnant gilts

The hypothesis of the present study was that a GnRH agonist application at early pregnancy would alter the pattern of the key reproductive hormones LH and FSH, and subsequently that of estradiol (E2) and especially progesterone (P4), and improve the conditions for embryo survival in early pregnant gilts. Therefore, the endocrine effects of a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) application to gilts (n=11 GnRHa treated, n=9 saline Controls) were studied in blood samples from the Vena cava caudalis. GnRHa injected on Day 12 after insemination induced elevated (P<0.01) LH and FSH levels for at least 180 min. However, subsequent LH concentrations were not altered up to Day 21 of pregnancy. LH pulse number, estimated in 6-h period samples on Days 13, 15 and 17, was not influenced by treatment and pregnancy. LH pulse amplitude was decreased (P<0.05) on Days 13 to 17 in pregnant gilts of both groups, but not in nonpregnant animals. In pregnant GnRHa-treated gilts, the basal LH level was elevated compared with the Controls (P<0.01). Additionally, differences (P<0.05) in basal LH were present between the pregnant and nonpregnant animals. The P4 and E2 secretion pattern was not affected by GnRHa. P4 concentrations increased (P<0.01) from Day 10 to Day 14 regardless of the treatment. P4 revealed a pulse-like pattern, but without a definite relation to the LH pulse characteristics. Also, pregnancy rate (73 vs. 67%) and the number of fetuses (12.8 ± 2.3 vs. 11.6 ± 2.3) were unaffected in the treated and Control gilts, respectively. The present study did not confirm the initial hypothesis that a GnRHa-mediated LH effect could alter ovarian steroid secretion and favorably support early embryo development and pregnancy outcome.     

Genetic parameter estimates among scale activity score and farrowing disposition with reproductive traits in swine

The primary objective of this study was to determine if certain behavior traits were genetically correlated with reproduction. If 1 or both of the behavior traits were found to be correlated, a secondary objective was to determine if the behavior traits could be useful in selecting for more productive females. A scale activity score taken at 5 mo of age and a farrowing disposition score taken at farrowing were selected as the behavioral traits. Scale activity score ranged from 1 to 5 and farrowing disposition ranged from 1 to 3. Reproductive traits included age at puberty, number born alive, number born dead, litter birth weight, average piglet birth weight, number weaned, litter weaning weight, average weaning weight, wean-to-estrus interval, ovulation rate including gilts, and postweaning ovulation rate. Genetic correlations between scale activity score and reproduction ranged from -0.79 to 0.61. Three of the correlations, number born alive (P < 0.01), average piglet birth weight (P < 0.001), and wean-to-estrus interval (P = 0.014), were statistically significant but included both favorable and antagonistic correlations. In contrast, all but 1 of the farrowing disposition correlations was favorable and ranged from -0.66 to 0.67. Although only the correlation with litter birth weight was significant (P = 0.018), the consistent favorable direction of all farrowing disposition correlations, except average weaning weight, shows a potential for inclusion of farrowing disposition into a selection program.     

牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成及功能的对比研究

利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis,SDS-PAGE)将牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成部分进行分离鉴定,发现牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成存在较大的差异,且在牛初乳中鉴定出628种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质,牛常乳中鉴定出487种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质.由基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中生物调控作用是牛初乳和牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜的主要生物过程.在分子功能上,牛初乳的乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的绑定作用大于牛常乳.在细胞组成上,牛初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与细胞外区域远远大于牛常乳.通过京都基因与基因组百科全书系统(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)代谢通路分析可知,牛初乳和牛常乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与的代谢途径不同,表明牛初乳在日后的生产加工中更具有利用价值.     

青海门源地区杂种荷斯坦后备牛生长发育分析

[目的]为了掌握杂种荷斯坦后备牛生长发育规律。[方法]测定101头青海门源地区杂种荷斯坦奶牛育成牛体斜长、体高、胸围分析后备牛生长发育状况。将测量所得原始数据进行计算、处理与根据中国荷斯坦后备母牛各阶段体尺标准进行对照,加以分析、研究。[结果]在总体生长水平上,后备牛生长发育出现严重不足,尤其以胸围受阻情况最为严重,其中初生至六月龄阶段生长强度不足更为明显,导致育成母牛因生长发育不良而推迟发情,不能及时投产,造成育成牛比例过大,牛群结构不合理。[结论]需要严格执行后备牛饲养管理技术规范,制定合理的营养水平,建立和强化后备牛的选育体系。     

Pulsed Doppler assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in normal and cardiomyopathic cats.

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic function was evaluated in 16 cats with primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) using pulsed Doppler (PD) assessment of transmitral flow and isovolumic relaxation time. Data obtained was compared to data from 12 healthy, adult, research cats. Compared to normal cats, the HCM group showed significantly (p value less than 0.05) reduced early LV inflow velocities (mean +/- standard error [SE], peak velocity of 0.70+/-0.04 m/s versus 0.54+/-0.04 m/s and integrated velocity of 0.48+/-0.08 m/s versus 0.37+/-0.03 m/s); a reduced rate of deceleration of early inflow (mean+/-SE, -12.0+/-1.0 m/s2 versus -5.1+/-1.1 m/s2); prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (mean +/- SE, 45.7+/-3.3 ms versus 76.0+/-3.1 ms); and increased atrial systolic flow velocities (mean +/- SE, peak velocity of 0.29+/-0.04 m/s versus 0.48+/-0.04 m/s and integrated velocity of 0.21+/-0.03 m/s versus 0.34+/-0.03 m/s). The results suggest that PD provides a noninvasive method of identifying and quantifying functional diastolic impairment in cats with HCM.     

微小隐孢子虫P23基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及初步应用

为将微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)P23基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)系统中进行表达,利用表达蛋白初步建立隐孢子虫病间接ELISA诊断技术,设计引物从微小隐孢子虫基因组DNA中扩增P23基因序列,构建pPIC9K-P23重组质粒,在毕赤酵母中进行表达,用阴离子交换层析柱进行纯化。以重组P23纯化蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA检测方法,对现场采集的猪血清样品进行检测。SDS-PAGE显示所表达的蛋白大小约为23 kDa。Western blot检测表明该蛋白能与兔抗P23蛋白血清特异性结合。用建立的间接ELISA技术对186份猪血清样品进行检测,阳性率为83.3%。本研究获得了真核表达的P23重组蛋白,初步建立了微小隐孢子虫病间接ELISA诊断技术,为隐孢子虫病的诊断和流行病学调查打下了基础。