Frequency of Penetration of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath and Distal Interphalangeal Joint Using a Direct Endoscopic Approach to the Navicular Bursa in Horses

Objective

To evaluate the frequency of inadvertent penetration of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) and/or distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) when using a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, and to evaluate an alternate direct approach to the navicular bursa.

Study Design

Cadaveric study.

Sample Population

Equine cadaver limbs (n = 40 for direct; n = 12 for alternate approach).

Methods

Four surgeons performed the direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa on 10 limbs each. Frequencies of inadvertent synovial penetration and iatrogenic damage were compared between surgeons. Use of an alternate direct approach, adopting a straight parasagittal trajectory, was evaluated by 2 surgeons.

Results

Inadvertent synovial penetration occurred in 45% of limbs (DFTS 37.5%; DIPJ 17.5%; and both structures 10%). Successful bursa entry was achieved on the first attempt in 45% of limbs. Significant variation in frequency of inadvertent synovial penetration was observed between surgeons (range 10–80%). Inadvertent synovial penetration did not occur when using the alternate direct technique. Iatrogenic damage to navicular bone fibrocartilage and/or deep digital flexor tendon occurred in 55% of limbs using the direct endoscopic approach and in 0% of limbs using the alternate direct approach.

Conclusion

Because of the considerable risk of inadvertent penetration of the DFTS and/or the DIPJ when making a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, it is advisable to investigate for inadvertent penetration when treating navicular bursa sepsis using a direct approach. The alternate direct technique may reduce the risk of inadvertent penetration; however, the view within the bursa may be restricted.     

Facial varicosity affecting the lower eyelid of a horse

A 12‐year‐old Clydesdale cross mare was referred for investigation of right periocular vascular distension. Physical examination and ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a varicosity of the veins of the lower eyelid and transverse facial vein. The size of the varicose vein led to concerns about the potential progression in size of the lower eyelid to obstruct vision. Percutaneous encircling sutures were ineffective at occluding the vessel and surgical excision of the abnormal vein was performed. This treatment approach proved effective and 7 months post operatively the swelling has not recurred. This case demonstrates that varicosities can be successfully surgically resected in horses if there is a clinical indication.     

臭椿炭疽病菌盘长孢刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)生物学特性研究

本研究测定了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH条件下臭椿盘长孢刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)菌株SQD-107的生长、产孢和孢子萌发情况.该菌株在PSA培养基上生长最快、产孢最多;在供测碳源中病原菌对蔗糖、葡萄糖利用较好,供测氮源中对硝酸铵、氯化铵利用较好.菌丝生长的适宜温度范围为10-35℃,最适25℃;产生分生孢子的适宜温度范围为10～30℃,最适25～30℃;孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为5～35℃,最适25℃.在pH3～10的范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH7～8;产生分生孢子最适pH为7.孢子萌发最适pH 6～8.孢子的致死温度为60℃,持续时间10 min.     

树冠喷药毒杀光肩星天牛成虫效果及农药残留分析

利用杀虫剂防治害虫是一种见效快、效果好的方法 ;但是 ,杀虫剂的使用也带来环境污染问题 ,因此杀虫剂的合理使用已成为目前关注的焦点。光肩星天牛 [Anoplophoraglabripennis (Motsch .) ]是杨树的重要蛀干害虫 ,幼虫期在树干内钻蛀危害 ,而且个体分散 ,加之树木高大 ,防治起来十分困难。成虫期以树的小枝、叶柄和叶片作补充营养 ,是进行化学防治的有利时期。以前用化学方法防治该害虫 ,往往仅注意杀虫剂的防治效果 (张仲信 ,1 964 ;康青 ,1 981 ;孙长春 ,1 987;梁成杰等 ,1 997a ;1 997b ;高瑞桐等 ,2 0 0 1 ;萧刚柔 ,1 992 ) ,缺乏杀虫…     

Standing repair of a proximal,incomplete, articular fracture of the third metatarsal bone

A 5-year-old National Hunt Thoroughbred mare presented with sudden onset left hindlimb lameness after race training on the gallops. Clinical examination revealed a marked painful reaction over the proximal metatarsal region but no other obvious abnormalities were detected. Survey radiographs at the yard did not reveal any abnormalities. Nuclear scintigraphic examination 3 days after injury revealed focal marked increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the proximal metatarsal region. Subsequent radiography revealed an incomplete, articular fracture of the proximal left third metatarsal bone. Repair of the fracture using 3 × 4.5 mm cortical screws placed in lag fashion was performed under standing sedation following perineural analgesia. Follow-up radiographs demonstrated progressive healing of the fracture. The mare returned to race training 8 months after the fracture was repaired and raced successfully 12 months post injury.     

Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus spp. as a cause of non-responsive septic synovitis in three horses

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Three Thoroughbred horses, a 6-week-old filly (Case 1), a 15-year-old broodmare (Case 2) and a yearling filly (Case 3), sustained synovial sepsis secondary to trauma.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Case 1 presented with a heel bulb laceration communicating with the distal interphalangeal joint. Arthroscopic lavage was performed and treatment commenced using systemic and local broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. A pure growth of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus gallinarum was cultured from samples of synovium and joint fluid. Antimicrobial treatment was changed according to the susceptibility results. Response to treatment was poor and despite repeat arthroscopic lavage and intra-osseous regional perfusion of antimicrobials the filly was subject to euthanasia 24 days after the initial injury. Post-mortem examination confirmed septic synovitis, cartilage degeneration and osteomyelitis.

Case 2 sustained a full thickness wound to the carpus which was sharply debrided and closed. The wound dehisced with effusion within the tendon sheath. Drainage was established and treatment included systemic broad spectrum antimicrobials, topical lavage with povodine-iodine and manuka honey infusion. A mixed infection including MDR Enterococcus faecalis was cultured from the synovial fluid. Antebrachiocarpal joint effusion developed 21 days after initial injury and joint sepsis was confirmed. Arthroscopic lavage and tendon sheath debridement were performed, followed by treatment with systemic and local antimicrobials. The mare improved and was discharged. Three months later lameness recurred and corticosteroids were administered intra-articularly. The mare became non-weight bearing lame and was subject to euthanasia. Post-mortem examination confirmed joint sepsis of the antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joint.

Case 3 presented with a complete articular open fracture of the tibial crest. Under general anaesthesia the fracture was stabilised and the wounds debrided and closed. Systemic broad-spectrum antimicrobials were administered. Six days later the wound dehisced and a bone fragment was removed. Three weeks post-surgery the wound deteriorated with a purulent discharge. Culture of the discharge revealed a mixed bacterial infection, including a MDR Enterococcus faecalis. Femoropatellar joint involvement was confirmed, and treatment included joint lavage, local and systemic antibiosis, and manuka honey instilled into the wound. The filly initially improved, and then deteriorated such that euthanasia was performed.

DIAGNOSIS: All three cases had synovial sepsis with MDR Enterococcus spp.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased awareness of MDR pathogens in equine wound infections is essential. Prompt diagnostic testing, appropriate therapy, infection control strategies and on-going monitoring and management are vital to limit the clinical impact of these organisms.