A simple caliper technique for the estimation of abdominal fat in live broilers

1. A caliper technique for estimating the amount of abdominal fat in live broilers is described.

2. Sixty‐three male and 47 female broilers sampled at 63 d of age from an unselected control line were used to examine the accuracy of the caliper measure in predicting abdominal fat.

3. Phenotypic correlations between caliper measure and the proportion of abdominal fat were + 0.80, +0.79 and +0.81 in males, females and the heaviest 20% of males respectively.

4. The application of the technique as an indirect means of selecting for decreased abdominal fat in commercial broiler breeding programmes is discussed.     

Attempts to eliminate from field beans the anti‐nutritive factor which reduces egg production

1. In a series of experiments with laying hens, attempts were made to eliminate the anti‐nutritive factor which reduces egg production when feeding field beans (Vicia faba L.) as a source of supplementary protein in cereal‐based diets.

2. Neither pelleting diets nor heat processing the beans by autoclaving proved beneficial. A continuous‐flow process for infra‐red heating of the seeds at 150 °C for 70 s followed immediately by flaking (micronisation) gave inconsistent results.

3. Beans having a white skin with associated low tannin content, did not support significantly higher egg production than did a normal brown‐skinned bean, thus indicating that tannin was not the main anti‐nutritive factor.

4. A cotyledon fraction, obtained by mechanical removal of the tannin‐containing skin from brown beans, did not support higher egg production than did the whole bean, and the corresponding brown‐skin fraction did not reduce egg production when substituted for cereal in the control diet. Again this indicated that tannin was not implicated.     

Evaluation of rabbit excreta as an ingredient in broiler diets

1. Dry rabbit excreta were found to contain 188.1 g crude protein, 6.6 g non‐protein nitrogen, 0.3 g ammonia, 89.8 g moisture, 8.0 g ether extractives, 135.2 g crude fibre, 266.9 g ash and 19.18 MJ gross energy/kg. Methionine and lysine contents were 3.95 and 4.29 g/100 g protein, respectively.

2. In one experiment, 0, 50, 100 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted for maize in a broiler diet. Chickens receiving the diet containing 200 g rabbit excreta/kg gained significantly less weight to 8 weeks of age than those receiving other diets.

3. In a second experiment, 0, 100, 150 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted primarily for maize in a broiler diet to provide equal energy and protein contents. Weight gains to 8 weeks of birds receiving these diets did not differ significantly. The uncorrected metabolisable energy content of the excreta was 9.15 MJ/kg.

4. There were no gross pathological changes in the birds fed on the experimental diets.     

Shedding of lymphoid leukosis virus in chickens following contact exposure and vaccination

Chickens contact-exposed to lymphoid leukosis virus at various ages up to 32 weeks responded with relatively high rates of infection as determined by the presence of neutralizing antibody. Virus shedding as determined by cloacal swab and albumen testing occurred in 7 of 8 groups of such chickens, but the incidence was 10% or less and sporadic. Vaccination of chickens immediately before exposure with a low pathogenicity virus of subgroup A at 8 weeks of age did not eliminate subsequent shedding.     

Factors affecting the hatchability of eggs from broiler breeders

1. Four experiments were carried out on eggs from broiler breeding flocks between 26 and 60 weeks of age. The effects of storage and incubation conditions on hatchability were tested.

2. Collecting eggs hourly rather than five hours after lay slightly reduced hatchability (P<0.10). Pre‐storage fumigation of almost un‐contaminated eggs had no effect on hatchability even after storage for 8 d. Storing eggs in unsealed polythene bags did not affect hatchability of eggs stored for 5 or 8 d.

3. Eggs stored for 2 d hatched better when held at 18 °C than at 15 °C (P<0.05). Eggs stored for 8 d at 15 °C hatched better than eggs stored for 8 d at 18 °C (P< 0.01). Best hatchability was in eggs stored in unsealed polythene bags at a room temperature of 15 °C. When older eggs were allowed 30 to 40 min more in the setter for each day of storage, the decline in hatchability was 0.5 to 0.6 percentage units per day in storage as compared with a decline of 1.2 percentage units per day when eggs of different storage times, up to 8 d, were set simultaneously.

4. Those eggs which showed a weight loss during incubation of near average for their relative humidity (RH) treatment tended to hatch better than others except under conditions of very low RH (0.36), when best hatchability was associated with lower than average weight loss.

5. In eggs from a young flock (28 to 44 weeks of age) hatchability of fertile eggs was depressed by 1 percentage unit with an increase in RH of 0.17, and by 1 percentage unit with each decrease of 0.06 in RH from a control RH of 0.53. In eggs from the same flock between 48 and 60 weeks of age hatchability was depressed by 1 percentage unit with each 0.037 increase in RH from 0.44 to 0.70.

6. Eggs from a young flock (34–49 weeks) hatched significantly better when maintained at 0.82 rather than at 0.66 (P<0.05) or 0.95 (P<0.10) RH during the hatching period from 19 to 21 d of incubation. Eggs from an older flock (51–61 weeks) hatched better at 0.82 and at 0.‐92 than at 0.72 RH during the same period, but the differences were not significant.     

Survival of faecal streptococci in raw and pasteurised egg products

1. The ability of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium strains to survive in egg albumen and liquid whole egg before and after laboratory pasteurisation was studied.

2. Pasteurisation of egg albumen caused a decrease in viable cells of less than 10‐fold, while pasteurisation of whole egg caused decreases of more than 100‐fold in only two of the eight strains studied. After growth in whole egg, some strains were more resistant to pasteurisation in whole egg.

3. Strep, faecalis multiplied in raw and pasteurised whole egg but not in egg albumen.

4. Strep, faecium multiplied in raw and pasteurised whole egg only after an initial decline in viability which was not shown by cells adapted to whole egg. Together with storage temperature this affected the number of viable cells after a storage period of 5 d.

5. In raw and pasteurised egg albumen Strep, faecium strains lost viability; this was maximal at 37 °C and more cells survived as the storage temperature decreased.     

The choline and sulphur amino acid requirements of broiler chickens fed on semi‐purified diets

1. Growth and food conversion efficiency of broilers were reduced at low dietary choline concentrations. These effects were accentuated by low dietary total sulphur amino acids (TSAA).

2. Increased mortality, perosis and other pathological changes involving a number of tissues were observed in birds fed on a low‐choline diet.

3. Methionine replaced part of the dietary requirement for choline at low dietary choline concentrations.

4. High dietary concentrations of choline (> 1 750 mg/kg) increased the requirement for dietary TSAA.

5. Increasing the dietary choline while maintaining the TSAA at an inadequate level may decrease performance.     

The incidence of bruising in broiler flocks

1. The amount of down‐grading due to bruising in 55 flocks of broilers was investigated.

4. Bruising was classified as light or bad bruising and it is suggested that this division represents two distinct types of bruises with different causes.

3. The incidence of bruising was greater in female flocks than in male although the bruising in the former tended to be less severe.

4. The relationships between incidence of bruising and several variables associated with the flock and the environment were examined using regression analysis. The factors shown to have a significant influence on the incidence of bruising were: the age and mean weight of the flock, and the temperature and humidity on the day of processing.     

Determination of extractable and non-extractable radioactivity from prairie soils treated with carboxyl- and ring-labelled [14C]2,4-D

Ring- and carboxyl-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D were incubated under laboratory conditions, at the 2 g/g level, in a heavy clay, sandy loam, and clay loam at 85% of field capacity and 20 1C. The soils were extracted at regular intervals for 35 days with aqaeous acidic acetonitrile, and analysed for [¹⁴C]2,4-D and possible radioactive degradation products. Following solvent extraction, a portion of the soil residues were combusted in oxygen to determine unextracted radioactivity as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. The remaining soil residues were then treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and the radioactivity associated with the fulvic and humic soil components determined. In all soils there was a rapid decrease in the amounts of extractable radioacitivity, with only 5% of that applied being recoverable after 35 days. All recoverable radioactivity was attributable to [¹⁴C]2,4-D, and no [¹⁴C]-containing degradation products were observed. This loss of extractable radioactivity was accompanied by an increase in non-extractable radioactivity. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity, derived from carboxyl-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D, and 30% from the ring-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D was associated with the soil in a non-extractable form, after 35 days of incubation. After 35 days, less than 5% of the radioactivity from the carboxyl-labelled herbicide, and less than 10% of the ringlabelled material, was associated with the fulvic components derived from the three soils. Less than 5% of the applied radioactivities were identifiable with any of the humic acid components. It was considered that during the incubation [¹⁴C]2,4-D did not become bound or conjugated to soil components, and that non-extractable radioactivity associated with the three soil types resulted from incorporation of radioactive degradation products, such as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide, into soil organic matter.