多光谱影像混合像元解混的加权变异系数分析法

影像上同物异谱或同谱异物的现象会造成同一混合像元端元在影像上的光谱不唯一。端元差异问题将给端元选择和提取造成困难,并最终影响混合像元分解的精度。为了尽可能减小端元类内差异、扩大类间差异,针对传统算法无法避免端元在不同波段的光谱数值尺度相差很大且定权自动化程度低的缺陷,将变异系数概念引入端元差异问题研究中,提出一种适用于多光谱数据的基于加权理论的加权变异系数分析法(Weighted coefficient of variation analysis,WCVA)。分别从理论和实验两方面论证了WCVA的可行性与优越性。在对比实验中,利用同一地区的TM和Geo Eye多光谱影像,从可视化端元空间分布、算法效率和混合像元最终解混精度比较了WCVA和最佳指数因子(Optimal index factor,OIF)结果。实验证明利用本文提出的WCVA方法获得的波段组合具有更高的解混精度(0.183和0.160)。同时运算效率明显高于OIF。因此WCVA不仅能够有效解决端元差异问题,提高混合像元解混的精度,而且具有较高的运算效率。     

亚热带农业小流域水体氮素及其稳定同位素分布特征

为控制流域氮素养分流失、改善流域水体环境,以亚热带典型农业小流域脱甲河为研究对象,对表层水体铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3--N)浓度和水体硝态氮δ~(15)N(δ~(15)N-NO_3-)、沉积物有机质δ~(15)N(δ~(15)N-Org)浓度进行了连续试验观测,分析氮素浓度及其稳定同位素值的时空特征,探讨影响氮素分布的环境因子及水体NO_3-和沉积物有机质氮素的可能来源。结果表明:水体NO_3--N浓度明显高于NH_4~+-N,均值分别为1.62 mg·L~(-1)和0.90mg·L~(-1),并且分别在6月、8月及冬季较高;城镇区和农田区水体NH_4~+-N浓度与其他类型区差异显著(P0.05),并且显著高于其他水体;NO_3--N浓度在城镇区、农田区及山间林地区较高,水库区较低。支流NH_4~+-N浓度高于干流,均表现为冬季春季夏季秋季;干流、支流NO_3--N浓度分别表现为冬季夏季秋季春季、秋季冬季夏季春季。源头和出口处水体均表现为NO_3--N浓度高于NH_4~+-N,源头处氮素浓度低于出口处。水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-及底泥δ~(15)N-Org值分布范围分别为-19.87‰~8.11‰和-0.69‰~6.51‰,水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-最高值在Ⅲ级河段,最低值出现于Ⅳ级河段,各级河段间水体δ~(15)N-NO_3-11月差异较小,而1、2月差异明显;河流底泥δ~(15)N-Org最高值也位于Ⅲ级河段,而最低值则在Ⅰ级河段,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级河段δ~(15)N-Org值随时间变化趋势较为一致,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级河段δ~(15)N-Org最小值出现于1月。总之,脱甲河水体存在氮素污染现象且以外源输入为主,水体氮素来源主要为土壤有机质、人工合成肥料及陆源有机质,开展流域氮素分布及来源研究对认识流域尺度氮污染物的源解析具有一定科学意义。     

水分调控降低盐分对夏玉米的影响

环渤海低平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植系统中,冬小麦季微咸水灌溉造成土壤含盐量增加,影响下茬玉米正常出苗。通过水分调控消减根层土壤盐分是有效可行的途径,并利于冬小麦夏玉米一年两作的微咸水安全利用。该研究通过盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法,研究玉米出苗对土壤水盐阈值的响应以及玉米播后灌水对出苗、生长、根层水盐和产量的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:1)玉米在低土壤盐分含量(全盐含量0.8g·kg–1)下,60%田间持水量即可达到正常出苗;2)在高土壤盐分含量(全盐含量3.5 g·kg–1)下,出苗时间延长,出苗率降低;3)土壤盐分对出苗的影响,随着土壤含水量降低而越趋严重。因此在较高的盐分条件下,维持出苗期间一定土壤含水量,更利于缓解土壤盐分对玉米出苗的影响。大田试验中灌溉水盐分梯度为淡水(对照)、3g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1。田间试验结果表明:1)随着灌溉水盐分浓度增加冬小麦收获时0~20 cm土壤盐分含量明显增加;2)淡水、3 g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1灌溉冬小麦,收获期0~20 cm土壤盐分含量分别为1.0 g·kg–1、1.3g·kg–1、1.6 g·kg–1、2.0 g·kg–1;3)夏玉米播种后立即灌溉一次75 mm淡水,玉米出苗期耕层土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的70%以上,土壤含盐量下降到1.0 g·kg–1左右,夏玉米生长进程和产量不受影响。2年(2015年和2016年)淡水、3 g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1微咸水拔节期灌溉冬小麦,下茬夏玉米产量分别为9 510.4 kg·hm–2、9 913.6 kg·hm–2、9 910.6 kg·hm–2、9 986.0 kg·hm–2和9 621.8 kg·hm–2、9 455.3 kg·hm–2、9 460.2 kg·hm–2、9 221.4kg·hm–2,产量差异不显著。考虑该地区降水的时间分布,与玉米生长同期的充足夏季降水的淋洗作用,微咸水灌溉小麦的积盐可得到很好淋洗。因此,该地区在冬小麦生长季实施不超过5 g·L–1微咸水灌溉,利用冬小麦夏玉米关键生育期水分调控,可消减微咸水灌溉土壤盐分积累对玉米出苗影响,结合夏玉米出苗水管理和雨季淋盐,实现周年稳产和水盐平衡,根层土壤不积盐。     

Establishment and characterization of a kidney cell line from kelp grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus moara</Emphasis>

A novel cell line, Epinephelus moara kidney cell line (EMK), was established from kidneys of kelp grouper E. moara. Cells were cultured at 24 °C in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (L15) supplemented with antibiotics, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). EMK cells, fibroblastic in morphology, proliferated to 100% confluency in 3–4 days and were subcultured for over 50 passages. The cells could grow from 18 to 30 °C, with optimal growth at 24 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48 in the cells at passage 42. Green fluorescent signals could be observed in EMK cells when the cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid. Moreover, a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the cells after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and viral replication was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). These results suggested the potential of the EMK cell line for studies of transgene and pathogenesis of SGIV and NNV.     

鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用

为探究长寿湖鲢、鳙在水体生态系统氮(N)磷(P)循环中的作用,研究测定了季节性水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的变化,进行了原位鲢、鳙排泄率的测定。通过N、P排泄对比分析了鲢、鳙对水体N、P的贡献率。通过长寿湖鲢、鳙鱼体N、P含量测定,估算水体中N、P去除量。结果显示:鲢、鳙N、P排泄率夏季最高,冬季最低,季节性温度变化对其排泄率有一定影响;2016—2017在长寿湖平均水温为19.88℃条件下,鲢的N、P排泄率分别为0.973 1μg L-1d-1和0.242 2μg L-1d-1;鳙的N、P排泄率分别为0.642 5μg L-1d-1和0.174 9μg L-1d-1,鲢、鳙N、P排泄量分别占长寿湖藻类初级生产所需N含量的1.19%和0.79%,P含量的9.57%和6.91%;2016—2017长寿湖通过捕捞鲢、鳙产品带走的N、P含量分别为60.61 t和23.31 t。结果表明,长寿湖开展生态养殖对水体N、P贡献较小,不会引起水体富营养化。     

Quantifying growth in maricultured corals using photogrammetry

In coral mariculture, growth is one of the most common ways to track success. However, numerous methods of monitoring coral growth make comparative studies challenging. A literature review of 39 studies from 1982 to 2017 indicated that the most predominant non‐invasive methods used were linear and areal measurement and these were evaluated for their accuracy using nursery‐reared corals. The monthly change in linear and areal growth rates of six coral species (n = 215), Pocillopora acuta, Hydnophora rigida, Merulina ampliata, Podabacia crustacea, Echinopora lamellosa and Platygyra sinensis were measured via photogrammetry. We tested whether the planar area of coral colonies can be estimated using three geometric formulas of linear measurements. Based on the literature review, the six types of measurement methods were namely linear, volume, weight, area, count of polyps/branches and calcification, in decreasing order of application. Our results showed that the change in area calculated by geometric mean diameter (GMD) formulas provided the most accurate estimation among the three formulas and was strongly correlated with planar area (R² ≥ .60; p < .05) for all coral species, except E. lamellosa and Pl. sinensis. However, our findings suggest that it is not ideal to use geometric formulas to estimate the change in area. Instead, we posit that areal photogrammetry represents the simplest yet accurate non‐invasive method for rapid monitoring of extensive areas of corals in situ. Lastly, we discuss the recommendations and limitations for areal photogrammetry.     

油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。     

寒旱区白菜型冬油菜适应性及利用研究

为探究冬油菜在甘肃张掖寒旱区种植的适应性,对8个白菜型冬油菜品种(系)的越冬率、冬前干物质积累、农艺性状及产量进行了分析比较,研究了冬油菜不同播种期对越冬率、产量等性状的影响,同时进行了冬油菜后茬复种模式研究。研究结果表明,在北纬38°左右、海拔180 m左右、极端最低气温-28.7℃的张掖及河西走廊,白菜型冬油菜能够露地正常越冬,且产量高品质好。冬油菜收获后,复种早熟大豆、马铃薯、油葵和蔬菜等作物,每667m2两季产值比单种小麦增收32.0%～154.4%,比单种玉米增收15.4%～108.6%,经济效益十分显著。在张掖及河西走廊发展冬油菜生产可以调整传统农业的一年一熟为一年两熟或两年三熟,增加复种指数,提高土地资源利用率和经济效益;同时,可增加冬春季土壤植被覆盖,减少沙尘源,改善生态环境。张掖及河西走廊宜选择抗寒性品种,并适当早播,播期以8月中旬为宜。     

Fishmeal replacement by soybean,rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂ (initial body weight, 8.63 ± 0.24 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (FM60) containing 600 g/kg FM and four other diets (FM45, FM30, FM15 and FM0 containing 450, 300, 150 and 0 g/kg FM, respectively) where protein from FM was substituted by a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM. Fish fed FM0 and FM15 had poorer growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid and gross energy, and fed FM0 had poorer hepatosomatic index and survival compared with the fish fed FM60. The whole body lipid in fish fed FM0 was significantly higher than that in fish fed FM60 and FM15. This study indicates that 300 g/kg of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon without compromising growth performance, feed utilization and body composition.     

中国南方竹区4种竹笋夜蛾的形态比较研究

竹笋夜蛾是我国重要的一类竹子笋期害虫,种类多,形态相似,难以区分,为更为准确地识别主要竹笋夜蛾的种类,本研究通过野外取样和室内饲养,对竹笋基夜蛾Kumasia kumaso、竹笋禾夜蛾Oligia vulgaris、笋连秀夜蛾Apamea repetita conjuncta及竹笋秀夜蛾Apamea apameoides 4种竹笋夜蛾卵、幼虫趾钩、臀棘及成虫翅脉和生殖器形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明,竹笋基夜蛾在卵形态、幼虫体色和雌雄生殖器形态上与其他3种竹笋夜蛾形态差异明显,其余3种夜蛾幼虫体表背线和亚背线形态有差异,趾钩、臀棘、翅脉和雌、雄外生殖器形态差异不显著。本研究明确了我国南方竹区4种竹笋夜蛾的形态差异,为竹笋夜蛾的精准防控提供了参考。