新太湖猪选育过程中近交技术的应用及效应分析

利用新太湖猪选育过程中（１９８６～１９９４）６个世代母猪的分娩产仔记录,后备猪生长发育测定资料,分析了近交对繁殖性能和生长发育性状的影响。相关分析表明,近交与产仔数、产活仔数的相关系数分别为－０．１６２５、－０．１５４６。与１８０日龄活重、体高、胸围、及８０ｋｇ时背膘厚度的相关系数分别为－０．１３５,－０．２１１,－０．２１８,－０．２０４。回归分析表明,近交系数每上升１０％,产仔数下降０．３９头,１８０日龄活重下降１．５ｋｇ,背膘厚下降０．０７４８ｃｍ。产仔记录分析表明,母猪近交系数在２０％以下时,产仔数比非近交组下降０．２７头,差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;近交系数在２０％以上时,下降１．３５头,差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。生长发育性状表明,近交系数在３０％以上时,１２０日龄活重、１８０日龄活重等性状都显著下降。８０ｋｇ活体背膘厚当个体近交系数上升到２０％以上时,与非近交组相比下降０．１６ｃｍ,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptococcus uberis</Emphasis>-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. uberis</Emphasis>

The presence, phenotype and function of Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells in the mammary gland secretion (MGS) and blood of cows exposed to S. uberis were assessed. MGS T cells in the udder were purified and incubated with autologous blood monocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Most cows, irrespective of prior S. uberis infection status and lactation status, were shown to have S. uberis-specific T cells both in MGS and in the blood. When cells from a subgroup of cows were studied, it was found that the S. uberis-specific T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), but low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10). A high percentage of responding T cells were of the CD8 ⁺ memory (CD45RO) subset. T cells from the MGS specific for S. uberis were propagated from animals during the drying off period and expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2) and S. uberis antigens. This led to the accumulation of T cells of the CD8 ⁺ subset bearing memory cell markers (CD45A ⁻ , CD45RO ⁺ ), which released high levels of IFN-γ. Four of the five T cell lines derived from the MGS of three animals had substantial direct killing activity towards S. uberis in vitro. It is concluded that there is an emergence of S. uberis-specific bactericidal T cells in the MGS of cows after infection or environmental exposure to S. uberis. Vaccines aimed at activating and expanding this T cell population in the mammary glands of cattle may offer an avenue for the prevention of mastitis caused by S. uberis.     

乳牛口服大量β-胡萝卜素对维生素A的吸收及钙磷代谢的影响

从北京西郊某农场选取６头健康成年黑白花乳牛,随机分成试验和对照两组。整个试验周期共８周,分为前期,中期和后期。试验结果表明,试验组乳牛血清β－胡萝卜素水平与血清ＡＫＰ活性的变化规律相一致,均于中期时最高,血清ＡＫＰ同工酶酶谱中骨带染色变宽变深;血清维生素Ａ水平呈现逐渐升高趋势;血清钙水平呈下降趋势;血清无机磷水平逐渐下降。据此可以表明,β－胡萝卜素进入机体后,其转化为维生素Ａ的效率在不同的吸收阶段     

环磷酰胺预处理制备兔抗Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒高免血清

以正常鸡胚尿囊液和环磷酰胺预处理试验兔, 再以Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒（Ｄｕｃｋ Ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｖｉｒｕｓ Ｔｙｐｅ Ⅰ, ＤＨＶ Ⅰ） 标准强毒（ＡＴＣＣ, Ｃ９／Ｄ２） 接种后致死鸡胚的尿囊液, 经灭活、乳化制成油佐剂抗原多次免疫试验兔, 获得了鸡胚中和效价（ＥＰＤ５０） 达１∶３２ 以上的兔抗Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒高免血清（ＤＨＶ ⅠＳ） 。     

Replacing fish oil and astaxanthin by microalgal sources produced different metabolic responses in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets

Dietary fish oil supplementation provides n-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids for supporting fish growth and metabolism and enriching fillet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; c22:6n-3). Two experiments were performed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments for 16 wk to determine effects and mechanisms of replacing 0%, 50%, and 100% fish oil with DHA-rich microalgae in combination with synthetic vs. microalgal source of astaxanthin in plant protein meal (PM)- or fishmeal (FM)- based diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish (22 ± 0.26 g) were stocked at 17/tank and 3 tanks/diet. The 100% fish oil replacement impaired (P < 0.0001) growth performance, dietary protein and energy utilization, body indices, and tissue accumulation of DHA and EPA in both diet series. The impairments were associated (P < 0.05) with upregulation of hepatic gene expression related to growth (ghr1and igf1) and biosynthesis of DHA and EPA (fads6 and evol5) that was more dramatic in the FM than PM diet-fed fish, and more pronounced on tissue EPA than DHA concentrations. The source of astaxanthin exerted interaction effects with the fish oil replacement on several measures including muscle total cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, replacing fish oil by the DHA-rich microalgae produced more negative metabolic responses than the substitution of synthetic astaxanthin by the microalgal source in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets.     

Regulation of fibroblast growth factor 9 on the differentiation of goat intramuscular adipocytes

It has been found that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF-FGFR) signaling can regulate the expression of adipocyte differentiation genes. FGF9 is one of the members of FGFs that mainly binds receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3. FGF9 is highly expressed in the adipose tissue of humans and mice, but there are few reports on the role of FGF9 in goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, this study explored the effect of FGF9 on adipocyte differentiation through cell culture, interference, and overexpression. The expression of receptors FGFR1–FGFR4 in adipocyte differentiation and their effects on differentiation were detected to screen receptor gene of FGF9. Finally, the interaction between FGF9 and the receptor was tested by cotransfection. Our results showed that FGF9 interacts with FGFR2 to inhibit goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref1), which is a data support for subsequent pathway research.     

Protective effect of vitamin C and lycopene on the in vitro fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm by inhibiting the oxidative stress

The fertilization capacity of sex-sorted sperms is seriously decreased, which inhibits its wide application. However, little information is still available about the effect of vitamin C (VC) and lycopene (Lyc) on the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm. In this study, the washing medium and fertilization medium of sex-sorted sperm from three bull individuals were supplemented with different concentrations of VC (0, 1 × 10^–3, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6 M) or Lyc (0, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6, 1 × 10^–7). After washing twice and incubation for 1.5 hr, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, membrane potential (Δψm) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) ability of sex-sorted sperm were investigated. For the sex-sorted sperm of bulls A, B and C, 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc treatment significantly decreased their MDA levels and PS translocation and increased their Δψm levels and cleavage rates after IVF. When blastocysts were concerned, 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc significantly improved the blastocyst rates and their IFN-tau expression of bulls A and C. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc in washing and fertilization medium contributed greatly to improving the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm during IVF procedure.     

京华重晚情--庆祝中国饲料工业协会成立20周年大会老饲料工作者活动侧记

深秋的北京,红了枫叶,黄了银杏,这是京华最美的季节,雄伟的北京人民大会堂格外庄严。全国饲料战线广大职工期盼已久的庆祝中国饲料工业协会成立20周年暨第五次全国会员代表大会于2005年11月5日在这里隆重举行。在步入会堂的人流中,有一支队伍格外引人注目:他们人数不多,但行进整齐;他们几乎都是年过六旬的老者,但步履矫健,充满自信;他们的头发大多斑白了,但胸前佩戴的红花映红了绽满欢笑的面容。他们就是受中国饲料工业协会特别邀请,来自全国各省、市和在京的部分离、退休的老饲料工作者,是上个世纪我国饲料工业初创阶段的拓荒者。为了弘扬…