Frankia共生固氮基因的分离与克隆

利用ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ杂交方法，分离细枝木麻黄的Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ菌株Ｃｏ０１的ｎｉｆ克隆ｐＣｃ１ＧＸ，赤杨内生菌株Ａｔ４的ｎｉｆ克隆ｐＡｔ１ＧＸ及沙棘的ＦｒａｎｋｉａＨｒ１８的ｎｉｆ克隆ｐＨｒ１８ＧＸ、ｐＨｒ１１－③ＧＸ。用基因功能互补法，从Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ菌株Ａｔ４的基因文库中分离到二个可能可互补豌豆根瘤菌ｎｏｄ基因功能的克隆ｐＡｔ２ＧＸ、ｐＡｔ３ＧＸ，并制作了ｐＡｔ２ＧＸ、ｐＡｔ３ＧＸ的亚克隆，予进一步实验，获得充分的证据证明ｐＡｔ２ＧＸ、ｐＡｔ３ＧＸ是否带有Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ菌株Ａｔ４的ｎｏｄ基因．     

Molecular action mechanism against apoptosis by aqueous extract from guava budding leaves elucidated with human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model

Chronic cardiovascular and neurodegenerative complications induced by hyperglycemia have been considered to be associated most relevantly with endothelial cell damages (ECD). The protective effects of the aqueous extract of Psidium guajava L. budding leaves (PE) on the ECD in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model were investigated. Results revealed that glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) resulting from the glycative and autoxidative reactions of the high blood sugar glucose (G) evoked a huge production of ROS and NO, which in turn increased the production of peroxynitrite, combined with the activation of the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), leading to cell apoptosis. High plasma glucose activated p38-MAPK, and high GO increased the expressions of p38-MAPK and JNK-MAPK, whereas high MGO levels induced the activity of ERK-MAPK. Glucose and dicarbonyl compounds were all found to be good inducers of intracellular PKCs, which together with MAPK acted as the upstream triggering factor to activate NFkappaB. Conclusively, high plasma glucose together with dicarbonyl compounds can trigger the signaling pathways of MAPK and PKC and induce cell apoptosis through ROS and peroxynitrite stimulation and finally by NFkappaB activation. Such effects of PE were ascribed to its high plant polyphenolic (PPP) contents, the latter being potent ROS inhibitors capable of blocking the glycation of proteins, which otherwise could have brought forth severe detrimental effects to the cells.     

供氮水平和有机无机配施对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同氮素水平下有机无机肥料配施夏玉米生育期内土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)的变化规律。结果表明,玉米产量主要受施氮量影响,不受有机无机配施影响;土壤的硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加;有机肥与尿素配合施用,可保证土壤长期和短期的氮素的供应;增施有机肥可以协调土壤氮素的供应,降低土壤NO3--N含量,从而可减少对地下水的污染;夏玉米季的施氮安全值在200 kg/hm2较为适宜,且有机肥无机肥配比以3∶1为宜。     

Selective solid-phase extraction of Sudan I in chilli sauce by single-hole hollow molecularly imprinted polymers

A new single-hole hollow molecularly imprinted polymer (SHH-MIP) was prepared by multistep seed swelling polymerization using Sudan I as template molecule and successfully applied to selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Sudan dyes in chilli sauce samples. The polymers possessed high specific surface area obtained by nitrogen adsorption and good thermal stability without decomposition lower than 380 °C by thermogravimetry analysis. Much higher binding capacity was exhibited than with irregular solid MIP prepared by bulk polymerization, because most of the binding sites were located in the surface of the polymers, facilitating template removal and mass transfer. Accordingly, the SHH-MIP was employed as SPE adsorbent for chilli sauce analysis and offered high recoveries for Sudan I in the range of 87.5-103.4% with the precision of 1.94-5.33% at three spiked levels. The SHH-MIP with high selectivity and high stability was demonstrated to be potentially applicable for high selective preconcentration and determination of trace Sudan dyes in complicated samples.     

Purification and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (lichenase) from thermophilic Rhizomucor miehei with high specific activity and its gene sequence

Production, purification, and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (lichenase) from thermophilic Rhizomucor miehei CAU432 were investigated. High-level extracellular β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production of 6230 U/mL was obtained when oat flour (3%, w/v) was used as a carbon source at 50 °C. The crude enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 28818 U/mg. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was estimated to be 35.4 kDa and 33.7 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. The K(m) values of purified β-1,3-1,4-glucanase for barley β-glucan and lichenan were 2.0 mM and 1.4 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the gene (RmLic16A) encoding the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was cloned and its deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest identity (50%) to characterized β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Paecilomyces thermophila. The high-level production and biochemical properties of the enzyme enable its potential industrial applications.     

北斗定位田间信息采集平台运动控制器设计与试验

针对轮式田间信息采集平台在田间复杂环境下定速直线跟踪问题,设计了一种横向纠偏与纵向定速行走的运动控制器。控制系统采用低精度北斗定位模块、电子罗盘、旋转编码器、角度传感器获取田间信息采集平台的状态信息(包括位置、航向、速度、转向角)作为运动控制器的输入,通过构建的横向纠偏模糊控制器和纵向定速PID(proportion integration differentiation)控制器,实现行走过程中的横向纠偏和纵向定速行走。为获取更准确的位置信息,采用3个低精度北斗定位模块以边长1 m的等边三角形方式放置对数据求均值得到中心点定位数据的方法,将北斗接收模块的平均静态定位精度从2.06 m提高到了1.50 m,动态定位精度提高到0.78 m以内。信息采集平台田间试验结果表明:车体系统能按照规划的路径行走,在设定速度0.4 m/s时,纵向速度稳态误差小于7%,在外界扰动下响应调节时间小于3 s;以相同的速度行驶,初始横向偏距分别为1.4、2.0和2.5 m时,稳定跟踪需要的时间分别为11、15和25 s且稳定跟踪后最大横向偏距在0.31 m以内,满足农业田间信息采集的需要。该控制系统实现了信息采集平台在田间的定速直线跟踪和稳定行走,为其高效智能化作业提供了技术参考。     

不同氮肥用量下冬小麦土壤剖面累积硝态氮及其与氮素表观盈亏的关系

以在陕西关中地区户县、周至两县连续2年的20余个3414肥料田间试验为研究对象,研究了不同施氮量下冬小麦收获后土壤2 m剖面硝态氮的分布、累积及其与土壤氮素表观盈亏量间的关系。结果表明:随着氮肥用量的提高,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量明显增加,其向土壤下层淋溶的程度也越严重;当施氮量为180～240 kg/hm2时,一些试验点的土壤氮素已经表现出盈余;当施氮量达到270～360 kg/hm2,所有试验点土壤氮素均明显盈余。不同施氮量时土壤表观氮素平衡值（施氮量与氮素携出量的差值）与土壤02 m剖面硝态氮累积量之间呈极显著正相关,说明土壤表观氮素平衡和盈亏决定了土壤剖面硝酸盐的累积状况;土壤氮素表观盈余值每增加100 kg/hm2,02 m土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加约62.5 kg/hm2。     

小型生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性试验

为探明生物质燃气各组分相对含量对发动机工作稳定性的影响,在一台小型火花点火发动机上进行了生物质燃气发动机循环变动试验研究,着重分析了理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值、H2含量(H2在CH4-H2中的体积分数)及CO2含量(CO2在CH4-H2-CO2中的体积分数)的变化对燃烧稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,燃料组分对燃烧稳定性有较大影响。在本试验中,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值较小、燃料组分中H2含量较低时(如理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.4、H2的体积分数为25%及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为17%),CO2含量对燃烧稳定性起支配作用,CO2含量的增加导致循环变动增加(上述工况的平均指示压力循环变动系数均超过了10%),在个别条件下导致部分燃烧。随着理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量的增加,CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用逐渐减弱,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量达到一定程度时(理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为33%及50%,以及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.8所对应的所有H2含量条件)CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用已不明显。通过改变燃料组分条件的方法,能够提高生物质燃气发动机的工作稳定性。该研究的成果对生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性、经济性及排放特性改善,以及生物质燃气发动机技术应用、推广均有重要指导意义。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展

土壤侵蚀制约着社会、经济、环境的协调发展,已经成为全球性的主要环境问题之一。本文从雨滴击溅侵蚀、坡面水蚀过程、坡沟系统水沙传递关系和沟道侵蚀输沙等四个过程系统地分析了土壤侵蚀过程研究中取得的进展和存在的不足,简述了国内外土壤侵蚀预报研究的历史,总结了植被措施和工程措施对水土流失的调控作用机理和水土保持效益等有关问题,对土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学今后的研究方向提出见解,指出了加强对土壤侵蚀过程与机理、大尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型、土壤侵蚀与水土流失治理环境效应评价和水土流失调控技术的科技转化等亟待解决问题的研究深度和广度。     

不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程

工程堆积体可在短时期内极大程度地改变原地貌地形、土壤和植被条件,使其在降雨径流作用下将发生严重土壤侵蚀,因此是生产建设项目区水土流失最为严重的地貌单元。该文采用土工试验方法及野外实地放水冲刷法研究不同物质来源和土石比的工程堆积体边坡物理性质、侵蚀动力及径流侵蚀过程。结果表明：1）2种松散工程堆积体的物质组成和入渗性能均较原土差异明显,其中黄沙壤工程堆积体以≤0.25mm颗粒为主,其颗粒变异系数为原土的1.2～2.0倍,稳定入渗率为原土1.70～4.07倍;而紫色土堆积体级配良好,颗粒变异系数是其原土的2.2倍,稳定入渗率为原土的7.02～11.59倍。2）各种工程堆积体边坡侵蚀动力学参数随放水流量变大而增加,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡径流流速在0.155～0.318 m/s之间变化,径流剪切力变化在27.632～57.154 N/m2,土壤剥蚀率在0.337～77.071 g/(m2·s)之间;而紫色土工程堆积体边坡径流流速、剪切力和土壤剥蚀率分别在0.184～0.281 m/s,35.525～53.600 N/m2和1.445～61.910 g/(m2·s)。3）土石混合质边坡在产流9 min内存在不同程度突变或波动,在相同条件下边坡累积产流量均表现为偏土质>土石混合质,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡累积产流量高于紫色土;而土石混合质边坡的产沙率呈连续性多峰多谷变化,边坡侵蚀沟壁土体崩塌脱落是造成产沙率波动的重要原因。该研究可为生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失量预测和水土保持植物措施选择提供基本参数和技术支持。