降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

8年田间试验结果表明,玉米产量明显受降水和灌溉的影响。玉米苗期灌溉最为关键,是保证高产的基础。在只灌溉苗水而没有其他灌溉条件下,夏玉米产量与7、8月份降水密切相关,而与生长季节的降水总量关系不明显。除了极干旱年份(季节降雨量小于200 mm)外,随着灌溉量增加,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)降低。玉米最优灌溉制度为:干旱年份,除了苗期的1次灌溉外,在拔节和扬花期分别实施2次灌溉;常年和湿润年份,除了出苗水外,在抽穗到扬花期的8月初实施1次灌溉。3年的田间试验结果表明,当地种植的不同玉米品种之间产量最大相差20%,水分利用效率差异在12%~19%。因此,将适宜的品种与优化的灌溉制度相结合,是提高华北平原夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的有效途径。     

Classification of Tomicus Species

Both morphological characters and a portion of of 28S rDNA sequences were used to identifying Tomicus species.The specimens were classed into groups with the following characters: 1) granules or punctures on interstria 2 on the declivity of the elytra;2) length of the elytral interstrial hairs and hairs arising from punctures;3) arrangement of pronotal punctures and hairs.These characters could be clearly examined under a binocular microscope at 30×magnification and they were applicable and valuable for the forest entomologists to identify Tomicus species.The phylogenetic tree established with difference in 28S rDNA sequence of D2 region revealed that the specimens of each group identified by morphological characters were also grouped together.The genetic distances of intra-species, inter-species and inter-genus were not overlapped. Genetic divergence of 28S rDNA was also useful for identifying Tomicus species.     

白花泡桐尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶mRNA全序列克隆及序列分析

尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase UGPase)是白花泡桐(Paulownia fortunei (Seem.)Hemsl.)纤维素特异途径的关键酶.在经过对其他物种UGP mRNA序列的对比分析后,设计保守区简并引物,首先用RT-PCR方法得到413 bp UGP mRNA部分序列,之后通过RACE方法,成功克隆得到包括5'UTR和3'UTR在内的UGP全部mRNA序列,并进行了分析,所得UGP mRNA全序列共1 694个碱基,CDS共1 428个碱基(112-1539),编码氨基酸475,和其他多个物种的UGP序列比对结果显示相似度均在80％以上.     

新型控释肥机插侧深施对江淮中稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

基于新型控释肥的机插侧深施肥,可以实现简化施肥次数,减少施肥量,提高肥料利用率。2020年在安徽江淮水稻主产区多点试验的结果表明,基于生物基包膜控释肥（MFi）机插侧深施,江淮杂交中籼稻在常规施肥量（其中N=13.5 kg/667 m²）基础上减量20%,江淮常规中粳稻在常规施肥量（其中N=15.6 kg/667m²）基础上减量10%,或在常规施肥量（其中N=15.6 kg/667m²）基础上减量20%+1次孕穗肥,均可以实现不减产（平产或略增）,显著提高肥料利用效率。     

基于盐胁迫的小麦农艺性状多样性分析及评价

为筛选耐盐性优良的小麦资源,在0、0.3%和0.5%NaCl处理下,对黄淮麦区的132个小麦品种的8个数量性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性、主成分分析和耐盐性评价。结果表明,供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性,且随盐浓度的升高,被测指标的变异系数和遗传多样性指数逐渐增大,其中单株成穗数、穗下茎节长和单株产量的变异系数均大于10%;除株高外,其他性状的遗传多样性指数均大于2。相关分析表明,在高盐(0.5%NaCl)胁迫下,株高与单株产量极显著正相关,而在低盐(0.3%NaCl)胁迫下则相关不显著;在低盐胁迫下,千粒重与单株产量极显著正相关,而在高盐胁迫下相关性不显著。主成分分析表明,在低盐、高盐胁迫下,前4个主成分累计贡献率达到82.677%、88.897%。以综合耐盐指数为依据,发现河北省的衡4399、石麦15,山东省的青麦6号、青丰1号、青农2号和烟农5286,河南省的洛旱6号、郑麦366、周麦22号、周麦23号和周麦28号共11个品种在两种盐分条件下均表现为耐盐性强。结合田间群体表现和产量,认为周麦22号、洛旱6号、郑366、青农2号、烟5286和衡4399为高产耐盐小麦种质资源,可在耐盐育种工作中加以利用。     

加工方式对芒果干制过程中保鲜类农药残留量的影响

为研究不同加工方式对芒果干制过程中保鲜类农药残留量的影响,以芒果干的加工过程为例,研究清洗、去皮、护色、硬化、热烫及干燥等各个加工环节对芒果中常用保鲜类农药咪鲜胺、多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵及代谢物2-氨基苯并咪唑残留量变化规律的影响。结果表明:在芒果干制的过程中,随着加工环节的增加,芒果中常用保鲜类农药总体呈逐渐下降的趋势;去皮对咪鲜胺的影响最大,降解率达94.82%;干燥脱水的过程使得芒果干中4种农药的残留量增加,与真空干燥相比,恒温干燥箱干燥可以较大程度的去除芒果干制过程中的大部分农药残留,农药去除效果较好。     

Comparative proteomics analysis of maize (Zea mays) leaves infected by small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus)

Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a viral disease caused by brown planthopper infestation, and leads to great yield loss, especially in China. Comparative proteomics was performed using maize inbred line Zheng 58 and LN 287. MRDD pathogen was detected as rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) in Shandong Province, China. The modified trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone method was used for soluble protein extraction from leaves. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed on 24-cm long, pH 4–7 linear immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, and gels were stained with silver and coomassie brilliant blue. We identified 944 proteins expressed in RBSDV infected maize leaves by proteomics approaches. Among these, 44 protein spots that revealed a 1.5-fold difference in intensity were identified by mass spectrometry between mock-inoculated and RBSDV infected samples. Among these, 17 and 26 spots were up-regulated, and 27 and 18 spots were down-regulated in the virus infected samples of Zheng 58 and LN 287, respectively. Differential protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry identification, which could be divided into six categories. Furthermore, the expression of stress-related proteins was detected and confirmed by qRT-PCR. This study lays the foundation for further investigations, enabling the enhancement of MRDD resistance in maize.     

大豆异黄酮糖配体制备工艺研究

以大豆胚轴为原料,通过正交设计确立制备含染料木黄酮的糖配体酸水解条件,水解酸液的浓度为2.5 mol/L、水解温度为90℃,水解时间为3h.根据糖配体的溶解度与极性经AB-8大孔树脂柱乙醇溶剂分步淋洗(水→30%乙醇→80%乙醇)分离及以氯仿:甲醇:20%冰乙酸,体积比为7:3:1为展开系薄层小量制备出纯度为48.6%大豆异黄酮糖配体染料木黄酮.     

轮叶党参种子中萌发抑制物质活性的研究

以白菜和小麦种子作生物测定,研究了轮叶党参种子中萌发抑制物质的活性。结果表明,轮叶党参种子中存在着活性较强的抑制物质,且抑制物质的活性随着提取液浓度的增加而增加。采用不同溶剂提取轮叶党参抑制物质的活性不同,以甲醇提取液抑制活性最强,乙醚次之,水提取液抑制作用不明显。采用去翅处理和温水浸种能有效去除大部分抑制物质。     

外源ABA处理大麦胚的均一化cDNA文库的构建

构建外源ABA处理大麦胚的均一化cDNA文库是利用酵母双杂交方法筛选与靶蛋白相互作用蛋白的前提条件。为给大麦抗逆基因的研究及抗逆转基因大麦材料的创制奠定基础,利用5μmol·L-1ABA和蒸馏水分别处理大麦种子0h、6h、12h、24h,剥取大麦的胚,用热酚法提取总RNA,利用SMART原理进行反转录PCR并进行均一化处理获得ds-cDNA。经SfiⅠ酶切的ds-cDNA与pGADT7-Rec载体连接后,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH10B构建文库。结果表明,文库的容量为1.1×106,插入片段大于1 000bp,集中在1 000~3 000bp之间,符合酵母双杂交文库的要求。