Cystic calculus in a mare due to a misplaced uterine glass marble

A 9-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred for evaluation of continuous oestrus, polyuria and suspected pyometra after a glass marble was placed in the uterus by the owner. Palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a spherical object, but it was not possible to discern whether it was located within the lumen of the uterus or urinary bladder. Thus, an endoscopic examination of both uterus and bladder was carried out and a spherical, spiculated surface urolith was found on the floor of the bladder. The cystic urolith with suspected marble core was removed using a 12-mm specimen retrieval bag with endoscopic guidance. Follow-up with the owner one month after discharge revealed that the mare had not shown any signs of discomfort while urinating nor signs of oestrus.     

The effect of planting grass filter strips on fishes in agricultural headwater streams

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Production of Textile Fibers from Zein and a Soy Protein-Zein Blend

Zein fibers were successfully prepared by a wet-spinning technique from a zein suspension formulated with 15% zein, 60% water, 22% 0.4N sodium hydroxide, and 3% urea by weight. Tenacities were measured with an Instron machine, and flexibility was determined by noting the smallest diameter rod around which a fiber could be looped without breaking. After spinning, the tenacity of the zein fibers was improved by modification with several agents: acetic anhydride for acetylation, glutaraldehyde, and dialcohols for cross-linking and physical stretching. The tenacity and flexibility of the fibers were measured at 11, 65, and 100% rh. Untreated fibers had tenacities of 3.41, 2.65, and 0.17 g/tex at 11, 65, and 100% rh, respectively. A combination of chemical treatments (20% glutaraldehyde and 95% acetic anhydride) and 115% stretching increased tenacities to 6.89. 6.56, and 1.17 g/tex at 11, 65, and 100% rh, respectively. Control zein fibers had flexibilities of 5 and 2.5 mm at 11 and 65% rh, respectively, whereas the treated fibers had flexibilities of 1.5 mm at both humidities. Extrusion of zein fibers was not successful. Zein-soy protein mixture could be extruded, but properties of wet-spun fibers of zein-soy blends were not much improved over those of soy protein alone. The tenacity of blended soy protein-zein fibers was greater than that of soy protein fibers at 11% rh.     

Contribution of growth rate and harvest index to grain yield of oats (Avena sativa L.) following selfing and outcrossing of M1 plants

Summary Three populations of oats, each with 790 lines, were derived from CI 7555: (a) one (M population) consisted of M₂-derived lines obtained from EMS treatment of naked seeds, (b) one (O population) consisted of F₂-derived lines from crosses of M₁ with check plants, and (c) one (C population) consisted of check lines.About 98% of the grain yield (GYD) variation in each population was due to variation in growth rate (GR) and harvest index (HI).There was greater variation for both GR and HI in M and O than in the C population, showing that mutations were induced for both traits. Generally, mutations for these two traits were for reduced expression: high HI and GR are desired in a practical oat breeding program, so most induced mutations were deleterious.Mutation breeding, either with direct selection or outerossing to release the induced mutations, does not appear to be a desirable method for improving GR or HI of oats.Journal Paper No. J-9308 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011. Project No. 1752. This work was supported in part by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna. Austria, in the form of a fellowship for the senior author.National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (formerly Visiting assistant Professor in Agronomy, Iowa State University).     

Effect of different total suspended solids levels on a Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) BFT culture system during biofloc formation

In a Biofloc Technology System (BFT), there is constant biofloc formation and suspended solids accumulation, leading to effects on water quality parameters that may affect the growth performance of cultured shrimp. This study aimed to analyse during biofloc formation the effect of different total suspended solids (TSS) levels on water quality and the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in a BFT system. A 42‐day trial was conducted with treatments of three ranges of TSS: 100–300 mg L^?1 as low (TL), 300–600 as medium (TM) and 600–1000 as high (TH). The initial concentrations of 100 (TL), 300 (TM) and 600 mg L^?1 (TH) were achieved by fertilization before starting the experiment. Litopenaeus  vannamei juveniles with an average weight of 4.54 ± 1.19 g were stocked at a density of 372 shrimp m^?3. Physical and chemical water parameters and shrimp growth performance were analysed. After 6 weeks, TSS mean concentrations were 306.37, 532.43 and 745.2 mg L^?1 for, respectively, TL, TM and TH treatments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in TSS, settleable solids, pH, alkalinity and nitrite, especially between the TL and TH treatments. Similarly, differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the growth performance parameters, specifically final weight, survival, feed conversion and productivity. The water quality parameters at lower range of total suspended solids concentration (TL) treatment resulted in a better performance of L. vannamei in the BFT system. The maintenance at range of 100–300 mg L^?1 TSS is thus important to the success of shrimp culture.     

Effect of soil physical factors on methyl iodide and methyl bromide

Production and importation of methyl bromide is scheduled to be banned by 2001. Methyl iodide was evaluated as a possible replacement soil fumigant. The effects of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and fumigation time on the efficacy of methyl iodide for the control of two common weeds, Abutilon theophrasti and Lolium multiflorum, were characterized and compared with those of methyl bromide. The optimal soil moisture for methyl iodide to kill both weed species in sandy soils was 14% water content (w/w). Greater efficacy was obtained when the temperature during fumigation was above 20°C. Compared to methyl bromide, the efficacy of methyl iodide was more consistent in different soils. Time to 100% mortality of weeds was 24 h for methyl iodide fumigation and 36 h for methyl bromide when 200 μM of fumigant was used. On a molar basis methyl iodide was consistently more effective than methyl bromide across the range of environmental factors tested. In terms of application technology and spectrum of activity, methyl bromide can be directly replaced by methyl iodide. © 1998 SCI     

Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests across a treatment intensity gradient

Large-scale restoration of bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (USA) under federal incentive programs, begun in the 1990s, initially achieved mixed results. We report here on a comparison of four restoration techniques in terms of survival, accretion of vertical structure, and woody species diversity. The range of treatment intensity allowed us to compare native recolonization to direct seeding and planting of Quercus nuttallii Palmer, and to an intensive treatment of interplanting two species that differed in successional status (early successional Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. ssp. deltoides, with the mid-successional Q. nuttallii). Native recolonization varied in effectiveness by block but overall provided few woody plants. All active restoration methods (planting and direct seeding) were successful in terms of stocking. Populus grew larger than Quercus, reaching canopy closure after 2 years and heights after 2 and 5 years of 6 and 12.7 m, respectively. Planted Quercus were significantly larger than direct seeded Quercus in all years, but only averaged 1.4 m in height after 5 years. Interplanting did not seem to facilitate development of the Quercus seedlings. The early success of the interplanting technique demonstrated that environmental benefits can be obtained quickly by more intensive efforts. Native recolonization can augment active interventions if limitations to dispersal distance are recognized. These results should provide landowners and managers with the confidence to use techniques of varying intensity to restore ecosystem functions.     

Morphological deformities in mud crab Scylla serrata juveniles exposed to antibiotics during the larval stage

The effects of antibiotics on the external deformities, growth and survival of mud crab Scylla serrata larvae and juveniles were determined. Zoeae were exposed to oxytetracycline (OTC) (0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12 mg L^?1) and furazolidone (FZD) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg L^?1) in the first and second experiments, respectively, until the late megalopa. The crab instars were grown in nursery tanks for 1 month. Larvae survived until megalopa only at 3.0 and 6.0 mg L^?1 OTC or 0.5 and 1.0 mg L^?1 FZD. These four concentrations were run simultaneously in another experiment. Morphological deformities in zoea 5 were bent dorsal, rostral and furcal spines. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) on the deformities of zoea 5 in 3.0 and 6.0 mg L^?1 OTC and 0.5 and 1.0 mg L^?1 FZD. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher survival and faster growth were attained in 3.0 mg L^?1 OTC and 0.5 mg L^?1 FZD. Deformities observed in juveniles were fused frontal and lateral spines, asymmetrical and depressed tip of abdominal flap and gap between sternites. High percentage occurrence of deformities was observed in the 6.0 mg L^?1 OTC and 1.0 mg L^?1 FZD in the first and third experiments, respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) observed in the survival of juveniles in OTC and FZD treatments. However, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) faster in lower concentrations of the two antibiotics. The study shows the effects of OTC and FZD in the morphology of mud crab. Therefore, there is a need to eliminate the use of antibiotics and find alternatives.     

Water quality and phytoplankton stability in response to application frequency of bioaugmentation agent in shrimp ponds

Splitting the recommended weekly dosage of bioaugmentation agent and applied at varying frequencies were tested to determine its effects on water quality and phytoplankton stability in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) grow-out ponds. The supplier's recommended weekly dosage was followed but at varying application frequencies namely: once per week, twice per week, and four times per week for the duration of 120 culture days. A treatment with no bioaugmentation was added as control. Results showed that ammonia and particulate organic matter levels were significantly lower and plankton die-off was greatly minimized if the product was applied four times a week application compared with twice a week and weekly applications. Significant reduction in the number of luminous Vibrio species was observed in ponds with more frequent applications than those with less. For shrimp, survival and production were significantly higher in ponds with twice and four times per week applications compared to the weekly application and the control (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicate that splitting the weekly dosage of bioaugmentation agent and applying it four times per week is highly beneficial and ideal for shrimp culture.     

Age,growth and mortality estimates for populations of red snappers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutjanus erythropterus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. malabaricus</Emphasis> from northern Australia and eastern Indonesia

Lutjanus erythropterus and L. malabaricus were examined for life-history differences among northern Australian and eastern Indonesian populations. Formation of opaque growth increments in otoliths began during April to September for northern Australian fishes and September to April for eastern Indonesian fishes. Maximum observed ages were greater than previously reported: 42 and 48 years for L. erythropterus and L. malabaricus, respectively. Eastern Indonesian red snappers grew faster than northern Australian fish. Growth was similar for northern Australian L. erythropterus populations. However, Kupang and Sape populations of L. erythropterus in eastern Indonesian showed different growth from the Arafura North population, which was similar to northern Australian fish. There were growth differences among northern Australian populations of L. malabaricus. Arafura South and Timor populations were similar, but differed from Groote and Weipa populations. There were no significant differences in growth among populations of L. malabaricus in eastern Indonesia. Total mortality estimates were similar between northern Australian and eastern Indonesian fish: 0.09 and 0.16 year⁻¹ for L. erythropterus and 0.11 and 0.14 year⁻¹ for L. malabaricus, respectively. Life-history characteristics of these red snappers are typical of other tropical snappers: slow-growing and long-lived with low mortality. However, population growth differences suggest that their management should be based on biological information from distinct stocks.