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141.
Despite the steadily increasing area under protected agriculture there is a current lack of knowledge about the effects of
the 30% black shading screen on microclimate and crop water requirements. Meteorological and lysimeter measurements inside
a screenhouse planted with sweet pepper were compared to external reference data. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was
calculated from yield records Y and water meter readings I
applied. Shading reduced mean global radiation R
G
by more than 40%, and the screen transmissivity τ
screen was shown to vary with solar elevation angle β. Wind speed inside the screenhouse u
in was reduced by more than 50%. Crop water requirements ET
c
were 38% lower than estimates for an open field crop, suggesting a significant water saving potential when using screenhouses.
However, the screen did not significantly modify maximum temperature T
max and daily vapor pressure deficit. The FAO-Penman–Monteith approach based on meteorological measurements in the screenhouse
accurately predicted daily crop evapotranspiration, and was in close agreement with lysimeter measurements. IWUE was relatively
high (10.7 kg m−3 in 2004 and 13.5 kg m−3 in 2005), but additional research is required to quantify the effect of shading on yield as well as to determine the water
saving potential of other commonly used screens.
Contribution no. 603/06 from the Agricultural Research Organization
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
142.
Seeger MA Schiefner A Eicher T Verrey F Diederichs K Pos KM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5791):1295-1298
The AcrA/AcrB/TolC complex spans the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli and serves as its major drug-resistance pump. Driven by the proton motive force, it mediates the efflux of bile salts, detergents, organic solvents, and many structurally unrelated antibiotics. Here, we report a crystallographic structure of trimeric AcrB determined at 2.9 and 3.0 angstrom resolution in space groups that allow asymmetry of the monomers. This structure reveals three different monomer conformations representing consecutive states in a transport cycle. The structural data imply an alternating access mechanism and a novel peristaltic mode of drug transport by this type of transporter. 相似文献
143.
Buescher JM Liebermeister W Jules M Uhr M Muntel J Botella E Hessling B Kleijn RJ Le Chat L Lecointe F Mäder U Nicolas P Piersma S Rügheimer F Becher D Bessieres P Bidnenko E Denham EL Dervyn E Devine KM Doherty G Drulhe S Felicori L Fogg MJ Goelzer A Hansen A Harwood CR Hecker M Hubner S Hultschig C Jarmer H Klipp E Leduc A Lewis P Molina F Noirot P Peres S Pigeonneau N Pohl S Rasmussen S Rinn B Schaffer M Schnidder J Schwikowski B Van Dijl JM Veiga P Walsh S Wilkinson AJ Stelling J Aymerich S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6072):1099-1103
144.
Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Shindell D Kuylenstierna JC Vignati E van Dingenen R Amann M Klimont Z Anenberg SC Muller N Janssens-Maenhout G Raes F Schwartz J Faluvegi G Pozzoli L Kupiainen K Höglund-Isaksson L Emberson L Streets D Ramanathan V Hicks K Oanh NT Milly G Williams M Demkine V Fowler D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6065):183-189
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold. 相似文献
145.
146.
Woodward G Gessner MO Giller PS Gulis V Hladyz S Lecerf A Malmqvist B McKie BG Tiegs SD Cariss H Dobson M Elosegi A Ferreira V Graça MA Fleituch T Lacoursière JO Nistorescu M Pozo J Risnoveanu G Schindler M Vadineanu A Vought LB Chauvet E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6087):1438-1440
Excessive nutrient loading is a major threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide that leads to profound changes in aquatic biodiversity and biogeochemical processes. Systematic quantitative assessment of functional ecosystem measures for river networks is, however, lacking, especially at continental scales. Here, we narrow this gap by means of a pan-European field experiment on a fundamental ecosystem process--leaf-litter breakdown--in 100 streams across a greater than 1000-fold nutrient gradient. Dramatically slowed breakdown at both extremes of the gradient indicated strong nutrient limitation in unaffected systems, potential for strong stimulation in moderately altered systems, and inhibition in highly polluted streams. This large-scale response pattern emphasizes the need to complement established structural approaches (such as water chemistry, hydrogeomorphology, and biological diversity metrics) with functional measures (such as litter-breakdown rate, whole-system metabolism, and nutrient spiraling) for assessing ecosystem health. 相似文献
147.
J Hofmann M Krug N Ortegel L Gérard M Weber W Rosenfeld H Weinfurter 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6090):72-75
Entanglement is the essential feature of quantum mechanics. Notably, observers of two or more entangled particles will find correlations in their measurement results that cannot be explained by classical statistics. To make it a useful resource, particularly for scalable long-distance quantum communication, the heralded generation of entanglement between distant massive quantum systems is necessary. We report on the creation and analysis of heralded entanglement between spins of two single rubidium-87 atoms trapped independently 20 meters apart. Our results illustrate the viability of an integral resource for quantum information science, as well as for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. 相似文献
148.
Marc Faget Markus LiedgensBoy Feil Peter StampJuan M. Herrera 《European Journal of Agronomy》2012,36(1):1-8
The use of living mulch (LM) systems for maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation may reduce soil erosion and nitrate leaching. However, the yield of maize cultivated in LM is lower than in conventional farming systems. This decrease has often been attributed to belowground competition, but the lack of a suitable method to demonstrate such competition has prevented further investigation. A recently developed method allows for the direct and non-destructive observation of root growth in LM. Maize expressing a green fluorescence protein was grown in monoculture or together with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Root growth was screened in minirhizotrons from the time of sowing to the anthesis of the maize.Compared with the maize cultivated without Italian ryegrass, the cultivation in the LM significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the shoot dry matter (56%), leaf area (39%) and mean root density (41%) of the maize at anthesis. An analysis of variance showed that the reduction due to the living Italian ryegrass in the root density of the maize was not significantly different from the reduction in leaf area. Similarly, the reduction in the root density and shoot dry matter of the maize were not significantly different. The roots of the LM maize grew in the soil where the LM was removed but also where the LM continued growing. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution in a LM system. 相似文献
149.
Schulz C Eschbaumer M Rudolf M König P Keller M Bauer C Gauly M Grevelding CG Beer M Hoffmann B 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,154(3-4):257-265
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Since 1998, BT has been emerging throughout Europe, threatening not only the na?ve ruminant population. Historically, South American camelids (SAC) were considered to be resistant to BT disease. However, recent fatalities related to BTV in captive SAC have raised questions about their role in BTV epidemiology. Data on the susceptibility of SAC to experimental infection with BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) were collected in an animal experiment. Three alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and three llamas (Lama glama) were experimentally infected with BTV-8. They displayed very mild clinical signs. Seroconversion was first measured 6-8 days after infection (dpi) by ELISA, and neutralising antibodies appeared 10-13 dpi. BTV-8 RNA levels in blood were very low, and quickly cleared after seroconversion. However, spleens collected post-mortem were still positive for BTV RNA, over 71 days after the last detection in blood samples. Virus isolation was only possible from blood samples of two alpacas by inoculation of highly sensitive interferon alpha/beta receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice. An in vitro experiment demonstrated that significantly lower amounts of BTV-8 adsorb to SAC blood cells than to bovine blood cells. Although this experiment showed that SAC are generally susceptible to a BTV-8 infection, it indicates that these species play a negligible role in BTV epidemiology. 相似文献
150.
Arne Cierjacks Birgit Kleinschmit Maren Babinsky Fritz Kleinschroth Arvid Markert Markus Menzel Ulrike Ziechmann Theresa Schiller Markus Graf Friederike Lang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(5):644-653
Riparian forests are assumed to play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, little data are available on C stocks of floodplains in comparison to other terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we quantified the C stocks of aboveground biomass and soils of riparian vegetation types at 76 sampling sites in the Donau‐Auen National Park in Austria. Based on our results and a remotely sensed vegetation map, we estimated total C stocks. Carbon stocks in soils (up to 354 t ha–1 within 1 m below surface) were huge compared to other terrestrial ecosystems. As expected, soils of different vegetation types showed different texture with a higher percentage of sandy soils at the softwood sites, while loamy soils prevailed at hardwood sites. Total C stocks of vegetation types were significantly different, but reflect differences in woody plant biomass rather than in soil C stocks. Mature hardwood and cottonwood forests proved to have significantly higher total C stocks (474 and 403 t ha–1, respectively) than young reforestations (217 t ha–1) and meadows (212 t ha–1). The C pools of softwood forests (356 t ha–1) ranged between those of hardwood/cottonwood forests and of reforestations/meadows. Our study proves the relevance of floodplains as possible C sinks, which should be increasingly taken into account for river management. Furthermore, we conclude that plant‐species distribution does not indicate the conditions of sedimentation and soil C sequestration over the time span of interest for the development of soil C stocks. 相似文献