Combined Application of Potassium and Zinc Improves Water Relations,Stay Green,Irrigation Water Use Efficiency,and Grain Quality of Maize under Drought Stress

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) plays an important role in the global food security, but its production is threatened by climate change, especially drought stress. Potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) are considered useful to mitigate the negative consequences of drought stress in plants. Therefore, the objective of this two-year study was to identify the best combination of K and Zn application to improve the water relations, photosynthetic pigments, yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and grain quality of maize sown under mild and severe drought stress conditions. The consisted of three drought stress levels viz. 1) well-watered as control (WW), 2) mild drought (MD) with 25?mm of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD), 3) severe drought (SD) with 50?mm of PSMD and six K-Zn treatments: i.e. 125, 100 and 150?kg ha^?1 K with 0 and 12?kg ha^?1 Zn. The results indicated that K-Zn application improved the water relations and chlorophyll contents, biological yield and grain quality, irrespective of water stress treatment. The combined application of K-Zn under mild drought stress produced statistically same biological yield and grain quality as under well-irrigated without K-Zn fertilization and also produced compratively higher IWUE, biological yield and grain quality under sverer drought stress. Hence, the application of K at 150?kg ha^?1 in combination with Zn at 12?kg ha^?1 might be useful to improve the maize production and grain quality under drought stress. As IWUE was low in WW conditions, therefore, irrigation scheduling must be re-evaluated for optimum water use efficiency.     

Response of cotton genotypes to water and heat stress: from field to genes

Cotton is a crop of tropical and subtropical regions but the seed cotton yield is highly influenced by abiotic stresses like drought and heat. Response of cotton genome to abiotic stresses is highly complex and involve many genes. A comprehensive study, involving cotton genotypes developed through conventional and synthetic tetraploid method, was designed to (i) study the introgression of heat and water stress tolerance by using wild relatives (ii) evaluate genetic markers for marker assisted selection against water and heat stress. Two separate experiments for water and heat stress tolerance with a common control were established. Treatments in each experiment include a control and a stress treatment. Heat stress was applied by sowing crop two month earlier than the control treatment, whereas water stress was imposed by withholding alternate irrigation. Analyses of variance depicted highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect of genotypes and both stresses on boll retention, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Interaction of genotypes with stress in both experiments was also highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). Genotypes derived from interspecific crosses performed consistently in stress conditions compared to control which prove it a reliable method to introgress stress related genes from wild parents. Four genes reported for water stress tolerance and five genes reported for heat stress tolerance were evaluated by field results for efficient marker assisted selection (MAS). Results verified drought stress genes but heat stress genes could not explain genetic variability caused by heat stress. It is concluded from the results that separate genes may be responsible for heat stress tolerance for vegetative and reproductive stages, therefore, selection criteria should include both the traits.     

SPF雏鸡感染REV后外周血液中免疫球蛋白含量和免疫器官与体重比值的动态变化

实验研究ＳＰＦ雏鸡感染ＲＥＶ后外周血液中免疫球蛋白含量和免疫器官与体重比值的动态变化。结果,ＲＥＶ鸡合肥体病毒感染１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡后,外周血液的免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ含量均较正常对照鸡明显下降;胸腺重量与体重的比值显著低于对照雏鸡;法氏囊重量与体重的比值有降低的趋势;脾肝重量与休重比值在７～３５ｄ较对照组明显下降。     

雏鸡感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒后免疫病理的研究

 研究了 1日龄 SPF雏鸡感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒 ( REV)后 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞增殖反应及 T细胞数量、法氏囊和脾脏 B细胞增殖反应和抗体生成细胞数量、胸腺和脾脏 IL- 2及 IFN诱生活性的动态变化。结果发现 ,雏鸡感染 REV后 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞增殖反应及数量、法氏囊和脾脏 B细胞增殖反应和 Ig G+、Ig M+、Ig A+抗体生成细胞数量均明显低于未感染对照雏鸡 ;胸腺和脾脏 IL- 2及脾脏 IFN诱生活性显著下降 ,表明感染 REV后雏鸡中枢和外周免疫器官细胞免疫和体液免疫降低及细胞因子 IL- 2及 IFN免疫调节减弱。     

额尔齐斯河银鲫寄生虫区系调查研究

[目的]对额尔齐斯河(中国段)银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)寄生虫种类及感染情况进行调查研究.[方法]采用鱼类寄生虫学调查方法.[结果]共剖检银鲫175尾,发现寄生虫9种,分别为坏鳃指环虫(Dactylogyrus vastator)、旋形指环虫(Dactylogyrus falciformis)、伸展指环虫(Dactylogyrus extensus)、复口吸虫幼虫(Diplostomum larva sp)、复殖吸虫幼虫(Trematoda larva sp)、绦虫幼虫(Cestodearvasp)、对盲囊线虫幼虫(Contracaecum Railliet larva sp)、泡吻棘头虫(Pomphorhynchus laevissp)、短指三指鳋(Paraergasilus brividigitus),隶属于4门、6纲、7目、7科、7属.[结论]根据S2/X的判别原则,9种寄生虫在银鲫种群中的分布均为聚集分布;复口吸虫、泡吻棘头虫、对盲囊线虫的感染率大于10;,为该区系的核心种;复口吸虫为优势种.     

主要气象因子对吐鲁番枣实蝇越冬代成虫羽化率的影响

枣实蝇(Carpomyia vesuviana Costa)是我国禁止进境的检疫性入侵害虫,该害虫主要以幼虫蛀食果肉来为害红枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)和酸枣(Z.juju-ba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu)等[1-2]。2007年9月在     

温度胁迫对枣实蝇蛹体内主要抗氧化物酶的影响

【目的】 研究枣实蝇(Carpomya vesuviana Costa)在吐鲁番高温的适应性机制,分析枣实蝇蛹逆境适应性,从生理生化角度解释枣实蝇蛹耐热性。【方法】 通过温度胁迫处理枣实蝇的蛹,分别测定其体内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及丙二醛(MDA)等在45、43、41、37、33、28(CK)、4、0℃处理3、6和9 h下的活性,分析枣实蝇体内抗氧化物酶系统变化。【结果】 高温和低温胁迫下枣实蝇蛹体内的MDA含量都较CK(28℃)显著升高,33℃/6 h时MDA含量最高,0℃/9 h时MDA含量最低(0.039±0.012) nmol/(mg protein);枣实蝇蛹遭受热胁迫后过氧化物酶(POD)活性在0℃/9 h下最高、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在4℃/9 h下最高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在41℃/9 h下最高,在低温0、4℃和高温41℃下出现三个峰值;故抗氧化物酶活性在低温区0~4℃和高温区41~45℃的峰值后显著降低,此降低趋势在处理温度33~37℃下不显著;总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性在41℃/6 h下最高,且在较高或较低温度下均能保持较高的活性值,稳定地发挥着抗氧化胁迫的作用。【结论】 在极端温度下,热胁迫对枣实蝇的蛹产生极显著的影响。     

阿克苏地区冰雹时空变化和灾害特征

选取阿克苏地区10个气象站44 a逐个降雹过程资料和政府减灾部门34 a的灾情信息,对该地区降雹和受灾时空变化特征、降雹强度、活动规律及致灾情况进行研究。结果表明：该地区东西部各存在1个多雹中心,降雹以周期短、强季节性特征为主,多数县市中等以上强度降雹占降雹频次的75%以上,雹灾呈高发、强发的态势。位于西部的阿瓦提、阿克苏、温宿和位于东部的沙雅、新和等县市受灾最严重,雹灾空间分布特征与降雹强度、路径、出现季节和地域特征等密切相关,建议相关部门积极开展因地制宜的防雹业务,减少该地区农业雹灾损失。     

焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆土壤理化性质

对焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段和沙堆间低地土壤理化性质进行分析。结果显示:（1）白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段土壤粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量均高于沙堆间低地,而土壤砂粒含量和pH值低于沙堆间低地;从白刺灌丛沙堆发育到稳定阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值逐渐降到最小值,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量达到最高值,从白刺灌丛沙堆稳定到活化阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值急剧增加,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量大幅度下降;（2）从整个剖面来看,由于白刺灌丛沙堆侵蚀和堆积的差异,随着深度的增加砂粒含量先减后增,而pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量先增后减;0—15 cm土层砂粒含量最高,而15—45 cm土层最低;0—15 cm土层pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量最低,而15—45 cm土层最高;（3）白刺灌丛沙堆发育和活化阶段强烈的吹蚀不利于有机质的积累,白刺灌丛沙堆稳定后为降尘截存、凋落物积累和微生物的繁殖提供有力的保障,表层黏粒得以截存和地衣状薄层结皮形成,增加土壤的有机质和养分含量。     

Detection of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in imported tomato fruit in northern Europe

Imported tomato fruits infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were identified on the market in northern Europe using paper‐based FTA Classic Cards (Whatman), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and partial DNA sequence analysis. Trade tomatoes originating from southern Europe, Africa and the Middle East were sampled in Estonia and Sweden, and tested for infection with begomoviruses. Out of 100 batches analysed with five fruits sampled in each batch (58 batches from Estonia and 42 from Sweden), 20 batches were positive (16 from Estonia and four from Sweden). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) and full‐length genome sequence analysis of one isolate collected in Estonia and one isolate in Sweden, revealed highest nucleotide sequence identity at 99% to TYLCV‐IL for the Estonian isolate and at 97% to TYLCV‐Mld for the Swedish isolate. In this study, TYLCV was identified for the first time in imported tomato fruits on the market in northern Europe. FTA cards proved to be an effective means to collect, extract and store begomovirus DNA from tomato fruits and the subsequent molecular analysis.