Effects of dietary α‐lipoic acid on the growth and antioxidative responses of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of α‐lipoic acid (LA) on the growth and antioxidative responses of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six purified diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg kg^?1 of LA, respectively, were fed to abalone for 16 weeks in a flow‐through water system. The results showed that the weight gain ratio (WGR) increased with the dietary LA levels, and reached the highest value in the group with 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA supplement. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA group was significantly higher than that in the dietary LA‐deficient (0 mg kg^?1) group. Superoxide dismutase activities in the 200, 400 and 800 mg kg^?1 groups were significantly increased. Supplements of 200, 400 and 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA elevated the total antioxidative capacity significantly. The glutathione level in the hepatopancreas increased significantly with the dietary LA supplements in a dose‐dependent manner (except for the 200 mg kg^?1 group). Catalase and malondialdehyde in the hepatopancreas were not significantly affected by dietary LA. In conclusion, dietary LA promoted the growth and stimulated the antioxidative defence capacity of abalone. Based on the data of WGR, the optimal dietary LA supplement for juvenile abalone was found to be 709 mg kg^?1 using piece‐wise linear analysis.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of glycyrrhizic acid on growth performance,survival, innate immune response and parasite resistance in juvenile large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on growth, survival and immune response of juvenile large yellow croaker, in seawater floating net cages. GA was supplemented into the basal diet to formulate four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets containing 0.00% (the control diet), 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% GA of dry weight, respectively. Triplicate groups of 60 fish were fed to apparent satiation by hand twice daily. The results showed that the specific growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency ratio revealed no significant differences among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The phagocytic index of head kidney macrophage was significantly increased by the supplementation of 0.04% dietary GA compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Fish fed 0.04% dietary GA also showed significantly higher serum lysozyme activity than fish fed the control diet and diet with 0.01% GA (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality rate after natural infestation of parasites (protozoan, Cryptocaryon irritans Brown) showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. These results suggested that dietary glycyrrhizic acid improved certain non‐specific immunological parameters of juvenile large yellow croaker. However, GA was not able to protect juvenile large yellow croaker effectively from protozoan infection.     

中国对虾染色体的核型分析

对中国对虾的染色体进行了较深入的观察和研究。实验材料采用精巢、胚胎,无节幼体等,以气干法和压片法制片,吉姆萨染色,然后进行显微镜检查,选择分散良好的分裂相摄影。结果表明:中国对虾染色体数目为n=44,2n=88。并发现一对具有次缢痕的染色体。通过测量和计算,确定它的核型为2n=88=66M+16SM+6St。     

中国对虾人工受精技术的研究

首次探讨了中国对虾人工受精的方法。干法、湿法、半湿法和滴管法都可获得一定比例的受精卵,其中滴管法的受精效果最佳,最高受精率为77.8％。受精卵经过培养,能够进行正常的卵裂和胚胎发育。通过对这几种方法受精效果的分析和比较,认为,在精卵未丧失受精能力的前提下,尽可能地使精卵充分混合,才能得到较高的受精率。还对这四种方法的人工受精和自然受精对受精率的影响进行了比较和分析。     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth,survival, amylase and trypsin activities in large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena Crocea R., larvae

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded protein levels on the growth, survival, amylase and trypsin activities of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) larvae from 12 to 42 days after hatching (DAH). Five approximately isoenergetic microbound diets (16.65 MJ/kg diet) were formulated to contain different protein (47.1%, 52.0%, 57.1%, 62.2% and 67.5%) levels. Frozen copepods, containing 54.5% crude protein (CP), 6.0% crude lipid, 27.2% ash and 6.7% glycogen, were used as a control. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of larvae with an initial mean body weight of 1.76 ± 0.09 mg (mean ± SD) in 180 L white plastic tanks, and each tank was stocked initially with 3500 larvae. Both the survival and the specific growth rate (SGR) of large yellow croaker larvae significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level up to 57.1%, and decreased thereafter. Frozen copepods resulted in intermediate survival and low SGR compared with the other diets. Whole‐body moisture and protein of larvae were not significantly affected by the dietary protein level. In contrast, whole‐body lipid of larvae fed diet with 47.1% CP was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from fish fed the diets containing more than 57.1% CP. Additionally, fish fed the frozen copepods had the lowest whole‐body protein and lipid. The amylase‐specific activity increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate level during the period of this experiment. However, trypsin activity was not significantly affected by the dietary protein content before 42 DAH, indicating a later onset of trypsin than amylase in the regulation of enzymatic synthesis induced by a dietary substrate.     

Alternative protein sources in diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel): II. Effects on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of dietary protein sources on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain one of the following as the sole protein source: fish meal (FM), fish protein concentrate (FPC), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate aquaria stocked with 25 Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) each. The dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility and individual amino acid availability of the SPC‐based diet were significantly lower than those of the other diets. The crude lipid digestibility of soy protein‐based diets was significantly lower than that of the FM‐based diet. The pepsin/protease activity was significantly higher in fish fed fish protein‐based diets compared with fish fed soy protein‐based diets. The lipase activity in fish fed the SPI‐based diet was the highest among the dietary treatments. These results indicate that P. olivaceus can effectively digest the protein from FPC and SPI (but not SPC) as well as FM. The low protein digestibility and amino acid availability of the SPC‐based diet may be related to the non‐protein compounds present in SPC, whereas the low‐lipid digestibility of soy protein‐based diets may contribute to the undigested soy protein fractions and/or the alcohol‐soluble components.     

Effects of Feeding Levels on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Body Composition, and Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients for Grouper Epinephelus coioides Juveniles

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients for juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides (initial weight, 10.31 ± 0.36 g). Grouper were fed a practical diet from 0 (starvation) to 3.5% (at 0.5% increments) body weight per day (bw/d) for 8 wk. ANOVA indicated that growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by feeding levels. Survival was the lowest for the starvation group and for fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d. Final mean body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, and metabolic growth rate increased with feeding rate from 0 to 2.5% bw/d (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences above the level (P > 0.05). Feed conversion rate was significantly lower at a feeding level of 2.0% bw/d than above and below the level (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio was markedly highest at the 2.0% bw/d ration level (P < 0.05). Lipid contents of whole body, muscle, and liver increased with increasing feeding rates from 0 to 3% bw/d and showed a slight decline at the feeding level of 3.5% bw/d. Protein contents of whole‐body composition, muscle, and liver remained relatively stable with the different ration amount with the exception of fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d, at which grouper possessed significantly lower body protein concentration (P < 0.05). Condition factor, viscerosomatic index, and hepatosomatic index were the lowest for fish fed 0.5% bw/d and tended to increase with the increasing feeding levels. ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy decreased with increasing feeding levels from 0 to 2.5% bw/d and then remained relatively constant over the level. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis using WG data, the optimum and maintenance feeding levels for grouper were 2.5% bw/d and 0.25% bw/d, respectively.     

饲料中添加肽聚糖对大黄鱼生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

以初始体重(30.8±1.33)g的大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)为研究对象,探讨饲料中添加肽聚糖对其生长和非特异性免疫力的影响.分别向每千克基础饲料中添加0(对照组)、100、500mg肽聚糖,配制出3种等氮等能的实验饲料,进行为期8周的摄食生长实验.实验在海水浮式网箱(1.5m×1.5m×2.0m)中进行,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养40尾.实验采取饱食投喂方式,每天投喂2次(05:00和17:30),实验期间海水水温为27.5～30.5℃,盐度为29～33,溶解氧含量在7mg·L-1以上.饲喂实验结束后测定实验鱼的生长及相关的免疫学指标,同时每网箱取10尾实验鱼转入室内300L水族箱内进行攻毒实验.实验结果表明,饲料中添加肽聚糖显著影响大黄鱼的成活和生长.当饲料中添加100和500mg·kg-1肽聚糖时,成活率(分别为95.8%和95.0%)显著高于对照组(88.3%).当饲料中添加100和500mg·kg-1肽聚糖时特定生长率(分别1.44%·d-1和1.41%·d-1)显著高于对照组(1.12%·d-1)(P<0.05).饲料中添加肽聚糖实验组大黄鱼血液白细胞吞噬活力和血清溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且添加肽聚糖的两实验组之间差异不显著;而血清替代补体途径活力则随着饲料中肽聚糖添加水平的增加而显著提高(P<0.05).哈维氏弧菌攻毒实验结果表明,饲料中添加肽聚糖实验组的累积死亡率(分别为25.0%和25.7%)显著低于对照组(64.3%)(P<0.05).因此,饲料中添加适宜含量的肽聚糖可显著提高大黄鱼生长率和非特异性免疫力,肽聚糖可以作为一种安全高效的口服免疫增强剂应用于大黄鱼的养殖生产.