Making Use of Guava Seed (Psidium guajava L): The Effects of Pre-treatments on Its Chemical Composition

The guava processing industry in Malaysia produces by-products in the form of seed core and peel. These by-products can be regarded as underused resources but there are concerns about their composition that prevent their use in the food and feed industries. This study aims to analyze the respective effects of heat treatments (boiling or autoclaving) and germination periods on the nutritional composition and phytochemical content of guava seeds. The guava seeds were found to contain 618, 78, 72, and 5 mg/g dry weight total dietary fiber, fat, protein, and ash, respectively. The tannin and saponin contents, but not the phytic acid content, were below the respective anti-nutritional thresholds. The heat treatments did not affect the total dietary fiber and ash contents but reduced all other chemical components to different extents (15–91 %). Boiling did not reduce the phytic acid content substantially but autoclaving caused a reduction of 91 % to a level below the anti-nutritional threshold. Germination for 14 days caused a significant reduction in nutrient contents in the range of 16–79 %. Germination also reduced the phytic acid content by 90 % in the seed but did not significantly affect the saponin content. Thus, guava seed can be treated thermally or germinated to manipulate its chemical composition to enable its use in the food and feed industries.     

红素氧还蛋白研究进展

自然界中大多数的红素氧还蛋白(rubredoxin)集中来自严格厌氧菌,包括细菌、古菌和少数微需氧细菌,而植物中该类蛋白相对较少,它的功能主要表现在作为辅因子或电子供体参与多个生化途径。也有研究显示,无论是植物中还是微生物中的红素氧还蛋白基因在协助生物抵御氧化胁迫方面均发挥着重要的作用。本文全面介绍自然界中的红素氧还蛋白基因的分布、结构以及在微生物、植物中所发挥的作用等,希望能为今后的进一步研究提供参考。     

Conjugating S-nitrosothiols with fluorescent nanofibers for the controlled release and real-time detection of nitric oxide

In this work, a novel hybrid fibrous vehicle was developed for the release and real-time detection of nitric oxide (NO). The vehicle consisted of poly(L-lactide)/chitosan (PLLACS), cadmium tellurium quantum dots (CdTe QDs), and conjugating S-nitrosothiols. CdTe QDs were placed on the surface of PLLACS fibers as NO fluorescent probes through coaxial electrospinning; in this method, the PLLACS was used as filament material. Water-dispersible CdTe QDs were synthesized using mercaptoacetic acid as a stabilizer. The amino groups of chitosan served as reactive sites where chitosanbased S-nitrosothiols were formed. The fibrous PLLACS-QDs-NO composite was found to release NO under UV. The released NO could be detected in real time on the basis of the fluorescence quenching mechanism of QDs. These PLLACSQDs-NO nanofibers provide insights into novel designs of biocompatible NO delivery systems.     

Heavy grazing effects on stem elongation and internode allometry: Insights from a natural pasture grass

Limited plant stem elongation is hypothesized to be the primary cause of decreased plant growth in response to long‐term heavy grazing (LHG). However, it remains largely unknown how LHG‐induced changes in stem elongation are mediated by internode traits. Accordingly, we experimentally investigated the effects of LHG (defined as twice the stocking rate recommended by the local government) on plant stem elongation and internode allometry in Leymus chinensis in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Plant size and internode traits, including internode length (IL), internode diameter (ID), and internode number (IN), from plant individuals were measured according to their phytomer position from base to apex. The results revealed that IN and their distributions were changed in response to LHG. Although LHG negatively affected IL and ID of each L. chinensis internode from base to apex and eventually stem length, the plasticity index of IL and ID increased initially and then decreased from the lowermost to the uppermost internode in response to LHG. These contrasting responses of internode traits were result of allometry between internode traits determined by both LHG and internode position. Ultimately, IL and IN were identified to be key traits influencing stem length reduction under LHG conditions and explaining 52.51% and 47.49% of variation in stem length, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that the limitation of L. chinensis stem elongation induced by LHG is mediated by the plasticity and allometry of internode traits. This result emphasizes the sensitivity of individual plants to LHG and is potentially valuable for optimal grassland management.     

罗布麻多糖成分体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:探究罗布麻多糖体外抗氧化的活性作用。方法:用维生素C作为阳性对照组,考察罗布麻多糖对羟自由基的清除作用、还原能力、对H_2O_2所致的红细胞氧化溶血和H_2O_2诱导肝匀浆脂质过氧化的影响,评价罗布麻多糖成分的体外抗氧化活性。结果:罗布麻多糖有较强的清除羟自由基的能力,且清除作用优于维生素C;还原能力呈一定的线性关系,在罗布麻多糖溶液的质量浓度达到1.2 mg/mL时,其还原能力与维生素C相当;对H_2O_2所致的红细胞氧化溶血有抑制作用,但抑制作用较弱;对H_2O_2诱导肝匀浆脂质过氧化有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用不如维生素C。结论:罗布麻多糖具有良好的体外抗氧化活性,可以很好地清除自由基和抑制超氧化物,可以作为一种天然抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂。     

Effects of ionic surfactants on the aggregate stability and water repellency of silt loam soil

Purpose

With the increase of surfactant usages, more and more concerns were paid on their effects on the physicochemical characteristics of soils. Up to now, only few researches have examined the effects of ionic surfactants on the stability of soil structure and soil water repellency.

Materials and methods

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic surfactant were adopted to investigate their effects on the aggregate stability and water repellency of a silt loam soil which was sampled in Corn High-Tech Park, Huang-Huai-Hai region, China. (1) Aggregate stability: 50 g soil was mixture with 100 mL surfactant solution in a beaker. The concentrations of surfactant solutions were 0 (the blank), 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 mg L^?1, respectively. After 30 min, the soil was sieved and divided into four fraction aggregates. (2) Soil water repellency: the concentrations of surfactant solutions were the same as experiment 1. Forty grams of soil was blended with 80 mL surfactant solution in an aluminum specimen. Drying the water by oven of 40 °C firstly and then by air, the whole period was about 1 week. After that, soil water infiltration and sorptivity were measured.

Results and discussion

Compared to the blank, surfactants increased the amounts of 2–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregates of the soil and decreased the amounts of 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates of the soil. Surfactants also increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) of the soil. Except the 200 mg L^?1 treatment, CTAB promoted the soil water infiltration. All SDS treatments impeded the soil water infiltration. The soil repellency factor (R) value of the blank was 1.22, lower than the critical value of 1.95, which implied that the soil of blank treatment was free of soil water repellency. For CTAB, only 200 and 400 mg L^?1 treatment’s R were higher than 1.95 while for SDS, all the treatment’s R were higher than 1.95.

Conclusions

Surfactants improved the stability of soil aggregates. Soil treated with CTAB did not show the repellency, whereas SDS treatment resulted in intense water repellency compared with the wettable blank soil. Findings of this study can be used to explain the role of ionic surfactants on soil structure stability as well as on the development of water repellency in lower soil depths.

     

灌喂必需氨基酸模式溶液对草鱼全鱼_省略_肌肉_肝胰脏蛋白质合成代谢的影响

采用大剂量食道灌喂DL－[4-^3H]-Phe，研究不同EAA模式下，20－30g体重草鱼种的全鱼和肌肉，肝胰脏的蛋白质合成代谢，结果表明：（1）分别缺乏Lys,Met,Trp Arg的4种极端不平衡EAA模式，同草鱼肌肉EAA模式即相对平衡的基础模式相比，肌肉，肝胰脏及全鱼的蛋白质合成速率（FSR）均显著降低，其降低程度高低依次为Met,Lys,Arg,Trp;(2)肝胰脏，肌肉人的蛋白质合成代谢与整体蛋白质合成代谢对EAA模式的改变产生相同的变化趋势，并且三者蛋白质合成代谢速率为肝胰脏＞全鱼＞肌肉；（3）EAA模式的Lys,Met,Trp,Arg4因素中，对肌肉，肝胰脏蛋白质合成速率影响最大的是Met,其余依次为Lys,Arg,Trp。     

特早熟桃早春蕾选育研究

早春蕾桃属于早熟桃的全株变异。该品种树势健壮,花芽着生部位低,以中长果枝结果为主;幼树早果丰产性能好,果实的主要经济性状均优于春蕾桃,并且具有良好的遗传稳定性和较强的适应性和抗逆性,是目前成熟期最早的桃树优良品种,并于１９９９年３月,通过了山东省品种审定委员会审定。     

广东南岭国家森林公园旅游形象定位

本文通过对广东南岭国家森林公园基本情况的介绍，论述了旅游形象定位对于该森林公园的重要意义：从该森林公园的旅游形象基础、旅游环境、旅游资源特色、旅游市场感应等几个方面进行全面分析和系统综合．提出了合理的旅游形象定位和形象推广措施。     

基于知识仓库的虚拟产品开发技术探析

基于知识仓库的虚拟产品开发技术整合社会资源,利用web技术在不实际生产产品实物的情况下,利用模块化思想采用网络化并行设计,在产品设计初期就考虑到后续工艺和加工需求以及用户可能的附加要求,可缩短新产品开发周期。本文基于知识仓库,针对虚拟产品开发技术,分析虚拟产品技术的国内外研究现状,阐述虚拟产品开发技术的原理以及相关技术,构造虚拟产品开发的设计流程,并且基于Delphi8.0网络环境下构建基于知识的虚拟产品创新设计制造个人工作空间子系统。