核桃组织培养技术综述

分别对核桃和山核桃属植物的组织培养中外植体选择与消毒、外植体褐化问题、外植体的主要诱导技术及外植体成苗以后生根技术研究等进行综述,展望其发展前景。     

Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and amino acids of acid, biological and enzymatic silage for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Using the fish silage to partially replace proteic feedstuff in aquafeeds is an alternative to mitigate sanitary and environmental problems caused by the lack of adequate destination for fisheries residues. It would also lower feed costs, consequently improving fish culture profitability. However, using fish silages in aquafeeds depends on determination of its apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC). This work aimed to determining the ADC of crude protein and amino acids of acid silage (AS), biological silage (BS) and enzymatic silage (ES) for juvenile Nile tilapia (94.5 ± 12.7 g). The ADC_CP was: 92.0%, 89.1% and 93.7% for AS, BS and SE respectively. The average ADC of amino acids was: 91.8%, 90.8% and 94.6% for AS, BS and ES respectively. Results encourage the use of AS, BS and ES to partially replace protein sources in balanced diets for neotropical fish.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage^?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a^* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. The b^* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a^* and b^* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a^* and b^* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg^?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg^?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg^?1 at least 42 days before sale.     

The DAWGPAWS pipeline for the annotation of genes and transposable elements in plant genomes

Background  

High quality annotation of the genes and transposable elements in complex genomes requires a human-curated integration of multiple sources of computational evidence. These evidences include results from a diversity of ab initio prediction programs as well as homology-based searches. Most of these programs operate on a single contiguous sequence at a time, and the results are generated in a diverse array of readable formats that must be translated to a standardized file format. These translated results must then be concatenated into a single source, and then presented in an integrated form for human curation.     

梯形渠道机翼形量水槽试验

基于Hager对圆锥筒及圆柱体量水槽测流原理分析,推求出梯形渠道机翼形量水槽在自由出流时的流量理论计算公式,指出流量校正系数可由相对水头确定.选择6种收缩比进行了一系列室内模型试验,并根据试验数据建立了相对流量与相对水头的无量纲关系式.结果表明,相对流量与相对水头具有良好的相关关系,流量计算最大相对误差为±3.5%,该量水槽临界淹没度可达0.90,控制断面收缩比为0.372～0.585时可得到较好的量水效果.     

Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Socioeconomic characterisation of fishing activities in the Veracruz Reef System National Park was used to develop a management system which balances the community's livelihood, and the conservation needs of the protected area. A survey was applied to four sectors of the fishing community: the fishers, fishers' wives, retailers and local population. The survey determined their perceptions about: (1) fishing as a lifestyle; (2) economic alternatives; (3) perspectives about the future; (4) environment; and (5) knowledge of the National Park as a protected area. Fishers devoted an average of 27 years fishing, investing an average of 12 h per day giving a regular income of 15–20 US$. Most interviewed (60%) were full-time fishers, with fishing the only family income source. Fishers are predominately educated to primary school level (64%).The main problem faced by fishers and the communities were economic opportunities but 89% believed that mariculture could be an alternative income source. There was strong ecological awareness, with 75% aware of the decline in fisheries resource and 62% knowing about the role of protected areas. There was divided opinion about future perspectives. Inefficient organisation and communication between authorities and fishers were identified as obstacles to co-management. Discussion on alternative incomes and a proposal involve fishers in co-management initiatives are presented.     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

鹿茸对雌性小鼠生殖功能的影响

目的本试验旨在探究鹿茸对雌性小鼠生殖功能的影响。方法雌性昆明小鼠48只随机分为空白对照组以及3mg/kg低剂量组、6mg/kg中剂量组和12mg/kg高剂量组,连续经口灌胃鹿茸14d。结果高剂量组小鼠的雌二醇水平、性器官脏器指数显著高于空白对照组;中剂量组和高剂量组小鼠的子宫外径显著高于空白对照组。结论灌胃给药12mg/kg鹿茸时,可使雌二醇含量增高,促进雌性器官生长发育,增强雌性昆明小鼠生殖功能。     

Insulin and IGF-I receptors and tyrosine kinase activity in carp ovaries: changes with reproductive cycle

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors from carp ovaries were semipurified with wheat germ agglutinin at different moments of the reproductive cycle and their binding characteristics and tyrosine kinase activity were studied. Specific receptors for insulin and IGF-I were found. IGF-I receptors presented higher binding (23.8 ± 1.5%), number of receptors (965 ± 20fm/mg) and affinity (K_D 0.24 ± 0.03nM) than those shown for insulin receptors (4.1 ± 1%, 530 ± 85fm/mg and 0.85 ± 0.1nM, respectively). Insulin and IGF-I receptors have a tyrosine kinase activity which is not different from that found in muscle of the same species. Seasonal changes were found in binding, with maximum values for insulin and IGF-I reached at the end of pre-spawning period (June). However, while IGF-I binding was observed in all stages, insulin binding decreased in autumn and disappeared in winter, which suggests a different role for the two peptides in ovarian physiology.