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111.
The ecology and culture of landscape sustainability: emerging knowledge and innovation in landscape research and practice 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Laura R. Musacchio 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(8):989-992
Landscape researchers and practitioners, using the lens of sustainability science, are breaking new ground about how people’s
behaviors and actions influence the structure, function, and change of designed landscapes in an urbanizing world. The phrase—the
scientific basis of the design for landscape sustainability—is used to describe how sustainability science can contribute
to translational landscape research and practice about the systemic relationships among landscape sustainability, people’s
contact with nature, and complex place-based problems. In the first section of this article, important definitions about the
scientific basis of the design for landscape sustainability are reviewed including the six Es of landscape sustainability—environment, economic, equity, aesthetics, experience, and ethics. A conceptual framework about the six Es of landscape sustainability for designed landscapes is introduced. The interrelatedness,
opportunities, contradictions, and limitations of the conceptual framework are discussed in relation to human health/security,
ecosystem services, biodiversity, and resource management. The conceptual framework about the six Es of landscape sustainability
for designed landscapes follows the tradition in which landscape researchers and practitioners synthesize emerging trends
into conceptual frameworks for advancing basic and applied activities. 相似文献
112.
113.
The discipline of landscape ecology recognizes the importance of measuring habitat suitability variables at spatial scales
relevant to specific organisms. This paper uses a novel multi-scale hierarchical patch delineation method, PatchMorph, to
measure landscape patch characteristics at two distinct spatial scales and statistically relate them to the presence of state-listed
endangered yellow-billed cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) nesting in forest patches along the Sacramento River, California, USA. The landscape patch characteristics calculated were:
patch thickness, area of cottonwood forest, area of riparian scrub, area of other mixed riparian forest, and total patch area.
A third, regional spatial variable, delineating the north and south portions of study area was also analyzed for the effect
of regional processes. Using field surveys, the landscape characteristics were related to patch occupancy by yellow-billed
cuckoos. The area of cottonwood forest measured at the finest spatial scale of patches was found to be the most important
factor determining yellow-billed cuckoo presence in the forest patches, while no patch characteristics at the larger scale
of habitat patches were important. The regional spatial variable was important in two of the three analysis techniques. Model
validation using an independent data set of surveys (conducted 1987–1990) found 76–82% model accuracy for all the statistical
techniques used. Our results show that the spatial scale at which habitat characteristics are measured influences the suitability
of forest patches. This multi-scale patch and model selection approach to habitat suitability analysis can readily be generalized
for use with other organisms and systems. 相似文献
114.
Combining top-down and bottom-up dynamics in land use modeling: exploring the future of abandoned farmlands in Europe with the Dyna-CLUE model 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Land use change is the result of interactions between processes operating at different scales. Simulation models at regional
to global scales are often incapable of including locally determined processes of land use change. This paper introduces a
modeling approach that integrates demand-driven changes in land area with locally determined conversion processes. The model
is illustrated with an application for European land use. Interactions between changing demands for agricultural land and
vegetation processes leading to the re-growth of (semi-) natural vegetation on abandoned farmland are explicitly addressed.
Succession of natural vegetation is simulated based on the spatial variation in biophysical and management related conditions,
while the dynamics of the agricultural area are determined by a global multi-sector model. The results allow an exploration
of the future dynamics of European land use and landscapes. The model approach is similarly suitable for other regions and
processes where large scale processes interact with local dynamics. 相似文献
115.
Confronting collinearity: comparing methods for disentangling the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Adam C. Smith Nicola Koper Charles M. Francis Lenore Fahrig 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(10):1271-1285
Estimating the relative importance of habitat loss and fragmentation is necessary to estimate the potential benefits of specific
management actions and to ensure that limited conservation resources are used efficiently. However, estimating relative effects
is complicated because the two processes are highly correlated. Previous studies have used a wide variety of statistical methods
to separate their effects and we speculated that the published results may have been influenced by the methods used. We used
simulations to determine whether, under identical conditions, the following 7 methods generate different estimates of relative
importance for realistically correlated landscape predictors: residual regression, model or variable selection, averaged coefficients
from all supported models, summed Akaike weights, classical variance partitioning, hierarchical variance partitioning, and
a multiple regression model with no adjustments for collinearity. We found that different methods generated different rankings
of the predictors and that some metrics were strongly biased. Residual regression and variance partitioning were highly biased
by correlations among predictors and the bias depended on the direction of a predictor’s effect (positive vs. negative). Our
results suggest that many efforts to deal with the correlation between amount and fragmentation may have done more harm than
good. If confounding effects are controlled and adequate thought is given to the ecological mechanisms behind modeled predictors,
then standardized partial regression coefficients are unbiased estimates of the relative importance of amount and fragmentation,
even when predictors are highly correlated. 相似文献
116.
Robert A. Mccleery 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(4):483-493
Predator stimuli created by humans in the urban environment may alter animals’ anti-predator behaviors. I hypothesized that
habituation would cause anti-predator behaviors to decrease in urban settings in response to humans. Additionally, I hypothesized
that populations habituated to humans would show reduced responses to other predator stimuli. I observed three populations
of squirrels (urban, suburban and rural) responses to human approaches, red-tailed hawk vocalizations (Buteo jamaicensis) and coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations. Mahalanobis distances of anti-predator behaviors in response to human approaches were consistent with the
urban–rural gradient. Flight initiation distances (X
2 = 26.33, df = 2, P < 0.001) and amount of time dedicated to anti-predator behavior (X
2 = 10.94, df = 2, P = 0.004) in response to human approaches were also consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Supporting the habituation hypothesis,
naive juvenile squirrels increased flight initiation distances (X
2 = 35.89, df = 1, P < 0.001) and time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors (X
2 = 9.46, df = 1, P = 0.002) relative to adult squirrels in the same urban environment. Time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors differed among
all three sites in response to both coyote (X
2 = 9.83, df = 2, P = 0.007) and hawk (X
2 = 6.50, df = 2, P = 0.035) vocalizations. Responses to both vocalizations on rural sites (coyote = 45%, hawk = 55%) greater than twice that
found on the urban sites (coyote = 11%, hawk = 20%). This is possibly the first case of a transfer of habituation demonstrated
under field conditions. 相似文献
117.
Russell Fairfax Rod Fensham Don Butler Kelvin Quinn Bernice Sigley James Holman 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(10):1363-1373
There is circumstantial evidence that grasslands on the Bunya Mountains were once maintained by Aboriginal burning, and with
lack of fire under European management are being colonised by trees. To assess the efficacy of burning for maintaining grasslands,
119 fires were lit between 1996 and 2006. The total area of unburnt grasslands decreased by 27%, while grasslands burnt at
least once decreased by 1%. The density of invading trees was recorded from fixed plots on 23 grasslands burnt between one
and six times. Cassinia was virtually eliminated and the density of the Rainforest species guild slowly but continually declined. Acacia irrorata exhibited a humped response, with initial increases resulting from vegetative resprouting and gradual decline with persistent
burning. Phyllodinous Acacia and Woodland trees were the least fire sensitive guilds, having stable or increased density with repeated burning. Multi-factor
regression modelling detected no significant relationships between changes in woody plant density and the interval between
fires, fire intensity, the initial density of large trees, an index of soil moisture, or the cumulative number of fires for
any species guild. The survivorship of both Cassinia and Rainforest guilds was significantly lower with summer burning than winter burning, but a seasonal effect of burning was
not evident for other guilds. The findings suggest that regardless of fire conditions, frequent burning will reduce the number
of adult trees, maintain resprouts in an immature state, facilitate further fire and reduce the rate of grassland loss. Woodland
species are especially resilient to fire, and burning to maintain grassy ecosystems will be most successful where the main
colonisers are rainforest species and burning is conducted in summer. The findings suggest that the montane grasslands of
the Bunya Mountains were maintained by anthropogenic burning and active fire management will prolong their existence. 相似文献
118.
Effects of water table management on soil salinity and alfalfa yield in a semi-arid climate 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hamideh Noory Abdol-Majid Liaghat Mohamad Reza Chaichi Masoud Parsinejad 《Irrigation Science》2009,27(5):401-407
A lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water table management (WTM) on distribution of soil salinity
and annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata) yield. Subirrigations with three levels of water table namely, 0.5 (WT0.5), 0.7 (WT0.7), and 1.0 m (WT1.0) and a free drainage
(FD) conventional irrigation treatment were selected for this study. All treatments were arranged in a complete randomized
block design with three replicates. The results of this study indicated that the average soil electrical conductivity of the
saturated extract (ECe) in the root zone gradually increased and exceeded the designated crop threshold value (4 dS/m) after
the first forage harvest in subirrigated lysimeters. A higher salt accumulation was observed at the WT0.5 treatment. The average
dry matter yield of annual alfalfa in WT0.5 and WT0.7 treatments was found to be 52 and 73% higher compared with the control
treatment, respectively. 相似文献
119.
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) is a warm-season grass used primarily in pastures and along highways and other low maintenance public areas in Florida.
It is also used in landscapes to some extent because of its drought tolerance. Bahiagrass can survive under a range of moisture
conditions from no irrigation to very wet conditions. Its well-watered consumptive use has not been reported previously. In
this study, bahiagrass crop coefficients (K
c) for an irrigated pasture were determined for July 2003 through December 2006 in central Florida. The eddy correlation method
was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) rates. The standardized reference evapotranspiration (ETo) equation (ASCE-EWRI standardization of reference evapotranspiration task committee report, 2005) was applied to calculate
ETo values using on site weather data. Daily K
c values were estimated from the ratio of the measured ETc and the calculated ETo. The recommended K
c values for bahiagrass are 0.35 for January–February, 0.55 for March, 0.80 for April, 0.90 for May, 0.75 for June, 0.70 for
July–August, 0.75 for September, 0.70 for October, 0.60 for November, and 0.45 for December in central Florida. The highest
K
c value of 0.9 in May corresponded with maximum vapor pressure deficit conditions as well as cloud free conditions and the
highest incoming solar radiation as compared to the rest of the year. During the summer (June to August), frequent precipitation
events increased the cloud cover and reduced grass water use. The K
c annual trend was similar to estimated K
c values from another well-watered warm-season grass study in Florida. 相似文献
120.
Eddy covariance (EC) systems are being used to assess the accuracy of remote sensing methods in mapping surface sensible and
latent heat fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) from local to regional scales, and in crop coefficient development. Therefore,
the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of EC systems in measuring sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes. For this
purpose, two EC systems were installed near large monolithic weighing lysimeters, on irrigated cotton fields in the Texas
High Plains, during the months of June and July 2008. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were underestimated with an average
error of about 30%. Most of the errors were from nocturnal measurements. Energy balance (EB) closure was 73.2–78.0% for daytime
fluxes. Thus, daylight fluxes were adjusted for lack of EB closure using the Bowen ratio/preservation of energy principle,
which improved the resulting EC heat flux agreement with lysimetric values. Further adjustments to EC-based ET included nighttime
ET (composite) incorporation, and the use of ‘heat flux source area’ (footprint) functions to compensate ET when the footprint
expanded beyond the crop field boundary. As a result, ET values remarkably matched lysimetric ET values, with a ‘mean bias
error ± root mean square error’ of −0.03 ± 0.5 mm day−1 (or −0.6 ± 10.2%). 相似文献