2种微生物菌剂对蔬菜花卉秸秆高温堆肥过程中氮变化的影响

为寻求蔬菜花卉秸秆简单、有效的利用方法,减少滇池流域农业面源污染。通过堆肥试验研究了蔬菜花卉秸秆接种微生物菌剂农冠和微元后,在翻堆和不翻堆2种处理方式下,高温堆肥过程中温度、全氮(T-N)、水溶性NH₄ -N和水溶性NO₃^--N含量随时间的变化规律。结果表明：不翻堆的3个处理由于缺氧,发酵速率低,短期内不易腐熟。翻堆处理中,纯物料对照样品升温过程缓慢,高温分解阶段持续时间短, T-N损失大,堆肥品质差;添加微生物菌剂农冠后,与纯物料对照相比,提前3天进入高温分解阶段,高温分解持续时间延长4天,T-N含量损失比对照低10.9%,水溶性NH₄ -N比对照降低24.7%,水溶性NO₃^--N则比对照增加14.0%;添加微生物菌剂微元后,与纯物料对照相比,提前5天进入高温分解阶段,高温分解持续时间延长6天,T-N含量损失比对照低24.1%,水溶性NH₄ -N比对照降低29.3%,水溶性NO₃^--N则比对照增加24.2%。接种微生物菌剂可促进水溶性NH₄ -N向水溶性NO₃^--N转化,降低堆肥容重,其中添加微元综合效果更理想。在翻堆条件下接种微生物菌剂微元可加快蔬菜花卉秸秆堆肥化进程,提高堆肥产品品质,且方法简单易行,适合在全流域进行广泛推广。     

大豆GmGRF5基因的组织表达模式与生物信息学分析

Growth Regulating Factor (GRF)家族基因是一类植物特有的转录因子,广泛参与植物多个重要的发育过程。为了研究大豆中的GRF转录因子的功能,本研究从大豆‘天隆1号’品种中克隆获得全长为1 038 bp的cDNA序列,由于该序列的编码蛋白与拟南芥GRF5具有高度的相似性,因此将其命名为GmGRF5基因。通过RT-PCR进行组织部位表达分析,发现GmGRF5基因在大豆各个组织部位均有表达,且在花中的表达量最高。通过ExPASy-Protparam分析发现,该蛋白质的分子量为39.463 48 kD,是具有一定亲水性、不稳定的碱性蛋白。该蛋白含有GRF家族蛋白的两个保守功能域(QLQ和WRC)。利用SOPMA对该蛋白的二级结构预测,显示其主要由无规则卷曲(72.05%)、α-螺旋(13.83%)、延伸链区(9.8%)和β-转角(4.32%)组成。此外,还利用不同的生物信息学软件对其三级结构、跨膜域、亚细胞定位、互作蛋白进行了分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,Gm GRF5基因在进化过程中具有高度的保守性,在大豆中具有潜在的功能多样性。     

豆渣膳食纤维的研究

目前,从豆渣中提取膳食纤维,并利用其制备功能型食品,引起国内外的广泛关注。系统阐述了豆渣中膳食纤维的提取方式及影响因素,并介绍了膳食纤维在食品制造业中的应用。     

冬小麦抗蚜品种田间筛选技术研究

穗蚜是麦蚜对小麦产量影响的主要因素。穗平均蚜量的多寡却不能反映小麦品种的抗性水平。通过５年的研究,发现小麦千粒重的损失率能够较客观地反映小麦的抗蚜水平,可作为抗蚜育种的一个抗性指标,其技术稳定可靠,适用于一般育种工作者。     

种子包衣剂的合成和性能研究

研究了种衣剂聚乙烯醇缩甲醛,脲醛树脂,丙烯酸－丙烯酚胺共聚物,柠檬酸－乙二醇聚酯,氧化淀粉等合成方法。测定了这些种衣剂的各种物理性能,干燥速度,成膜性,水溶性,溶胀率等。并经发芽试验评价了种衣剂对种子活力的影响。     

Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley

Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

4个玉米合成群体及其亲本群体的遗传变异比较与利用

本试验以美国种质坚杆综合种BSSSC9(B), Lancaster(Lan)、热带种质墨黄九〔M)、亚热带种质苏湾(S)4个国外群体和中国西南种质巫溪(W,a)、兰花早((L) 2个地方群体为主体,掺和含有它们血缘的优良自交系,品种群体,首次合成了WBMCo, WLSCo, LBMCo, LLSCo 4个轮回选择育种基础群体(代号的第一字母为国内西南地区种质,第二个字     

籼粳交加倍单倍体后代性状遗传的研究

对一个典型的籼/粳组合、窄叶青8号/京系17的F1花药进行培养,所获二倍体花粉植株除约20%自然结实率为0外,其余植株的结实率在1%至正常结实之间,65%株系在75%以上,并稳定地传至自交后代。对130多个加倍单倍体(DH)多种性状的遗传进行了研究与分析,结果表明,花药培养可以克服籼/粳后代包括育性在内的各种性状长期分离不易     

施氮量对低肥力棉田土壤氮素及棉花养分吸收利用影响

【目的】研究黄河流域低肥力棉田施氮量对棉花产量、养分吸收利用率、土壤速效氮及脲酶活性的影响。【方法】以中棉所79为材料,设置6个施氮量处理(0、90、180、270、360、450 kg·hm^-2,分别以N0、N90、N180、N270、N360、N450表示),于2016和2017年进行连续两年大田试验。测定棉花产量、干物质质量、氮磷钾积累量、氮肥利用率、0―100 cm土层铵态氮及硝态氮含量、0―100 cm土层脲酶活性等指标。【结果】(1)与N0相比,除2016年N90处理外,其余施氮处理均显著提高籽棉产量。两年N360处理显著提高了棉花单株成铃数,籽棉产量与其它施氮处理间无显著差异。施氮对棉花衣分无显著影响。(2)与N0相比,施氮显著提高棉花干物质积累量。施氮90～360 kg·hm^-2,棉花氮、磷、钾积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,N450处理氮、磷、钾积累量较N360处理下降。随着施氮量增加,棉花氮农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力降低;当施氮量超过360 kg·hm^-2,氮生理利用率开始降低,但各处理间差异不显著。(3)除N90处理外,其余各处理41―80 cm土层NO3--N含量较N0显著提高;N270、N360、N450处理41―80 cm土层NO_3^--N含量显著高于N0、N90和N180处理;施氮对土壤NH_4^+-N含量无显著影响。(4)施氮0～360 kg·hm^-2,土壤脲酶活性随施氮量增加而增强;超过360 kg·hm^-2,土壤脲酶活性下降。【结论】氮肥经济最佳施氮量为277.0 kg·hm^-2。当施氮量超过360 kg·hm^-2时,棉花养分积累量降低,土壤NO3--N含量升高,土壤脲酶活性受到抑制,氮肥利用率降低,棉花增产效果不明显。     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.